https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Q6DTouuLX0

ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: ‘RT @d_spiegel: Reports of 6 cases of cerebral venous sinus thromboses (CVST) in younger women Germany following 1.6 million AZ vaccines htt…’ / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved 17 March 2021, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1372137512907444228

Jess Rohmann. (2021, March 16). New @PEI_Germany report provides much needed clarity to the #AstraZeneca ‘pause’ in Germany. Not yet available in English. I will try to summarize. /Thread https://t.co/Ev9p2TOdfD [Tweet]. @JLRohmann. https://twitter.com/JLRohmann/status/1371833745272156163

ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: ‘many aspects to the vaccine pauses are worthy of discussion, but am I alone in thinking that undermining public perception of the regulators can only increase vaccine hesitancy? Can promoting trust in vaccine safety by publicly condemning decision really be a viable strategy?’ / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved 17 March 2021, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1372142352941379584

ReconfigBehSci. (2021, March 18). EMA rules AZ ‘safe and effective’ and benefits outweigh risks... [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1372584269529419776

Eric Topol. (2022, February 28). A multimodal #AI study of ~54 million blood cells from Covid patients @YaleMedicine for predicting mortality risk highlights protective T cell role (not TH17), poor outcomes of granulocytes, monocytes, and has 83% accuracy https://nature.com/articles/s41587-021-01186-x @NatureBiotech @KrishnaswamyLab https://t.co/V32Kq0Q5ez [Tweet]. @EricTopol. https://twitter.com/EricTopol/status/1498373229097799680

A feasibility study would be informative.

Doctor dismantles typical COVID vaccine hesitancy arguments by putting forward alternative scenario. (n.d.). Sky News. Retrieved December 21, 2021, from https://news.sky.com/story/doctor-dismantles-typical-covid-vaccine-hesitancy-arguments-by-putting-forward-alternative-scenario-12501207

Pickles, K., Copp, T., Dodd, R. H., Cvejic, E., Seale, H., Steffens, M. S., Meyerowitz-Katz, G., Bonner, C., & McCaffery, K. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine intentions in Australia. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 21(12), 1627–1628. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00686-1

Campbell, L., Belam, M., & Lock, S. (2021, December 2). Covid live: Germany set to impose restrictions on the unvaccinated; India detects two cases of Omicron variant. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2021/dec/02/coronavirus-news-live-south-africa-sees-exponential-increase-in-covid-cases-dominated-by-omicron-variant

Lovett, S. (2021, November 15). UK threw away 600,000 vaccine doses after they passed expiry date. The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/health/covid-vaccine-doses-astrazeneca-donations-uk-b1958000.html

That's nearly a 15% reduction! It's also comparable to reductions seen in CFS (though CFS was per weight rather than per surface area, they should be comparable metrics). However, this is in comparison to bipolar, who themselves probably lack normal blood volume, so it's possible schizophrenia is a more extreme version of CFS where the blood volume is radically reduced. Will need more studies.

Mahase, E. (2021). Covid-19: Just a third of blood cancer patients had antibodies against delta variant after two vaccine doses, study finds. BMJ, 375, n2623. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2623

I notice the standard deviation is low for their sample size. Normally smaller sample sizes increase SD. However, comparing to a study with 30 subject per group, we can see the expected SD for blood volume (ml/kg) in this sample size of 20 should be greater than ±22.

The reason for this small SD is probably that subjects with ME/CFS are scrunched up against the lower end of the curve. The body simply will not allow blood volumes below a certain level. Judging by this study, I'd say around 50 ml/kg is the lowest possible number.

Wenzel, J., Lampe, J., Müller-Fielitz, H., Schuster, R., Zille, M., Müller, K., Krohn, M., Körbelin, J., Zhang, L., Özorhan, Ü., Neve, V., Wagner, J. U. G., Bojkova, D., Shumliakivska, M., Jiang, Y., Fähnrich, A., Ott, F., Sencio, V., Robil, C., … Schwaninger, M. (2021). The SARS-CoV-2 main protease Mpro causes microvascular brain pathology by cleaving NEMO in brain endothelial cells. Nature Neuroscience, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-021-00926-1

Pavord, S., Scully, M., Hunt, B. J., Lester, W., Bagot, C., Craven, B., Rampotas, A., Ambler, G., & Makris, M. (2021). Clinical Features of Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis. New England Journal of Medicine, NEJMoa2109908. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2109908

Klein, Alice. “Cheap Covid-19 Antibody Test Shows If You Have Immunity in 5 Minutes.” New Scientist. Accessed September 20, 2021. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2290120-cheap-covid-19-antibody-test-shows-if-you-have-immunity-in-5-minutes/.

Wilson, C. (2021, September 9). Blood test could reveal who is most likely to get severe covid-19. New Scientist. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2289718-blood-test-could-reveal-who-is-most-likely-to-get-severe-covid-19/

DuPont, C. M., Pressman, S., Reed, R. G., Marsland, A., Manuck, S. N., & Gianaros, P. J. (2021). An Online Trier Social Stress Paradigm to Evoke Affective and Cardiovascular Responses [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/fcyqd

Ledford, H. (2021, August 24). COVID vaccines and blood clots: What researchers know so far. Nature. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02291-2?utm_source=twt_nat&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=nature

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Mallapaty, S. (2021). A blood marker predicts who gets ‘breakthrough’ COVID. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02096-3

Juliet Pulliam, PhD. (2021, June 28). My take (3/4): The last 15 months have been brutal for those of us in SA, as in most of the world. The next few months will continue to try us. Vaccination brings our best hope of making COVID manageable. [Tweet]. @SACEMAdirector. https://twitter.com/SACEMAdirector/status/1409392605901864962

ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: ‘RT @AdamJKucharski: Worth reading thread below – and here’s current epidemic curve for comparison: Https://t.co/N6LCEssp1Z https://t.co/yDC…’ / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved 29 July 2021, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1409530195099328514

The AstraZeneca Vaccine Blood-Clot Issue Won’t Go Away—The Atlantic. (n.d.). Retrieved July 2, 2021, from https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2021/03/astrazeneca-vaccine-blood-clot-issue-wont-go-away/618451/

‘Johnson & Johnson Vaccine Paused over Rare Blood Clots’. BBC News, 13 April 2021, sec. US & Canada. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56733715.

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Association, N. S. and P. (n.d.). AstraZeneca covid-19 vaccine may hinder blood clotting in rare cases. New Scientist. Retrieved 18 June 2021, from https://www.newscientist.com/article/2280446-astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine-may-hinder-blood-clotting-in-rare-cases/

Ian Brown wrong to claim Japan refuses blood from anyone who’s been vaccinated—Full Fact. (n.d.). Retrieved June 5, 2021, from https://fullfact.org/online/ian-brown-wrong-to-claim-japan-refuses-blood-from-anyone-whos-been-vaccinated/

Wadman, M. (2021). Antivaccine activists use a government database on side effects to scare the public. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abj6981

German scientists say they can help improve vaccines to prevent blood clots | Coronavirus | The Guardian. (n.d.). Retrieved May 27, 2021, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/26/german-scientists-say-they-can-help-improve-vaccines-to-prevent-blood-clots

Remmel, A. (2021). ‘It’s a minefield’: COVID vaccine safety poses unique communication challenge. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-01257-8

Vaccine confidence fears as under-30s in UK offered AstraZeneca alternative. (2021, April 7). The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/apr/07/under-30s-in-uk-should-be-offered-alternative-covid-vaccine-to-astrazeneca-jab-says-regulator

That's not a large enough sample to draw conclusions out subtypes. Interesting nonetheless.

Winton Centre Cambridge. (n.d.). Retrieved May 12, 2021, from https://wintoncentre.maths.cam.ac.uk/news/latest-data-mhra-blood-clots-associated-astra-zeneca-covid-19-vaccine/

the Guardian. “Under-30s in UK Should Be Offered Alternative Covid Vaccine to AstraZeneca Jab, Says Advisory Body,” April 7, 2021. http://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/apr/07/under-30s-in-uk-should-be-offered-alternative-covid-vaccine-to-astrazeneca-jab-says-regulator.

The Danish COVID-19 vaccine rollout continues without the COVID-19 vaccine from Johnson & Johnson. (n.d.). Retrieved 5 May 2021, from https://www.sst.dk/en/english/news/2021/the-danish-covid-19-vaccine-rollout-continues-without-the-covid-19-vaccine-from-johnson-johnson

Blakemore, E. (n.d.). New diabetes cases linked to covid-19. Washington Post. Retrieved February 11, 2021, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2021/02/01/covid-new-onset-diabetes/

ReconfigBehSci. (2021, April 13). RT @GhinwaHayek: Are you still hesitant about AstraZeneca vaccine? Check the below video! #publichealth #vaccine #sciencework https://t.co/… [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1381980953074094089

(20) Carolyn Barber, MD on Twitter: ‘@VincentRK Thank you. Very helpful. Retweeting this which lines up with your UK data. Https://t.co/ECNaGuqiaB’ / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved 24 April 2021, from https://twitter.com/cbarbermd/status/1381407627884695556

Keenan, E. (2021, April 14). Doctors weigh in as U.S. pauses use of Johnson & Johnson vaccine. Toronto Star. https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2021/04/13/im-not-losing-sleep-over-this-doctors-weigh-in-as-us-pauses-use-of-johnson-johnson-vaccine.html

Ledford, H. (2021). COVID vaccines and blood clots: Five key questions. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-00998-w

Spain, Belgium and Italy restrict AstraZeneca Covid vaccine to older people. (2021, April 8). The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/apr/08/spain-belgium-and-italy-restrict-astrazeneca-covid-vaccine-to-older-people

Céline Gounder, MD, ScM, FIDSA. (2021, April 14). With all due respect to @NateSilver538, he is not an expert on the psychology of vaccine confidence. He is a poll aggregator and political pundit. He is not an infectious disease specialist, epidemiologist, vaccinologist, virologist, immunologist, or behavioral scientist. Https://t.co/HBrI6zj9aa [Tweet]. @celinegounder. https://twitter.com/celinegounder/status/1382299663269761024

Morrow, Alison, Sara Jenks, and Becky Batchelor. ‘The Effect of Antibody Test Result Knowledge on Transmission Reducing Behaviours’. PsyArXiv, 13 April 2021. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/unm7r.

the Guardian. ‘How UK Doctor Linked Rare Blood-Clotting to AstraZeneca Covid Jab’, 13 April 2021. http://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/apr/13/how-uk-doctor-marie-scully-blood-clotting-link-astrazeneca-covid-jab-university-college-london-hospital.

Dr Duncan Robertson. ‘The JCVI/MHRA Recommendation to Restrict Oxford/AZ in under-30s in the UK (Where There Is “low” Exposure Risk) Is consistent with the EMA Recommendation Not to Do so in Europe (Where There Is “Medium” or “High” Exposure Risk) Meaning the Risk/Benefit Balance Changes. Https://T.Co/C6SS9oN3Vz’. Tweet. @Dr_D_Robertson (blog), 7 April 2021. https://twitter.com/Dr_D_Robertson/status/1379808945750085643.

EU drug agency denies already finding causal link between AstraZeneca vaccine and blood clots. (2021, April 6). The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/06/ema-denies-already-finding-causal-link-astrazeneca-vaccine-blood-clots

Report claims watchdog looking into use of AstraZeneca jab for under-30s. (2021, April 5). The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/apr/06/medicines-watchdog-says-no-decision-made-astrazeneca-jab-for-under-30s

NDR. (2021, March 19). AstraZeneca: Greifswalder Forscher finden Thrombose-Ursache. /nachrichten/mecklenburg-vorpommern/AstraZeneca-Greifswalder-Forscher-finden-Thrombose-Ursache,coronavirus4660.html

Staff, R. (2021, March 18). QUOTES-EU’s drug regulator backs AstraZeneca vaccine after safety investigation. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-eu-astrazeneca-idUSL8N2LG602

James Hamblin. (2021, March 17). Whenever you vaccinate millions and millions of people, some will inevitably die shortly after. Others will get blood clots. Others will crash cars, or fall down stairs. None of this is newsworthy until there’s reason to believe these things are connected. [Tweet]. @jameshamblin. https://twitter.com/jameshamblin/status/1371993047261667329

the Guardian. ‘There’s No Proof the Oxford Vaccine Causes Blood Clots. So Why Are People Worried? | David Spiegelhalter’, 15 March 2021. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/mar/15/evidence-oxford-vaccine-blood-clots-data-causal-links.

A Few People Developed a Rare Blood Disorder, Immune Thrombocytopenia, After Getting a COVID Vaccine | Health.com. (n.d.). Retrieved March 17, 2021, from https://www.health.com/condition/infectious-diseases/coronavirus/rare-blood-disorder-covid-vaccine-thrombocytopenia

The formation of blood clots in deep veins, the brain, or the lungs can occur.

Health, C. for D. and R. (2021). Pulse Oximeter Accuracy and Limitations: FDA Safety Communication. FDA. https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/safety-communications/pulse-oximeter-accuracy-and-limitations-fda-safety-communication

This is a fat-like substance found in every single cell in the body. It aides the body to create hormones, vitamin D, and it also helps to digest food. Many dairy products are rich in Cholesterol which can be harmful if intaking high levels of it. This is due to fat deposits in the blood vessels which increases the risks of heart disease.

CNN, A. K. (n.d.). Fewer than 10% in the US have antibodies to the novel coronavirus. CNN. Retrieved September 29, 2020, from https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/25/health/coronavirus-antibodies-dialysis-patients/index.html

A Brazilian city devastated by COVID-19 may have reached herd immunity. (2020, September 24). Science News. https://www.sciencenews.org/article/coronavirus-covid-19-brazil-city-manaus-herd-immunity

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Blood Thinners, Blood Pressure Meds May Improve COVID-19 Survival Rate. (2020, August 27). Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health-news/blood-thinners-blood-pressure-meds-may-improve-covid-19-survival-rate

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If this holds true, I'd expect rapid blood volume expansion from thyroid hormone. I'm also interested in whether thyroid hormone stimulates the production of albumin, given its anabolic properties.

If the mechanism is really the same as alpha blockers, then the blood volume expansion may be expected to be similar in constitution. However, I would expect more red blood cells in thyroid mediated volume expansion compared to alpha blockers. The reason, obviously, is because of the increased oxygen demand from thyroid hormone.

A highly interesting article where a well-known company prefers blood money to allowing employees to talk about politics. This is capitalism at its core: all profit, no empathy.

Liothyronine does not raise blood pressure despite the rise in heart rate. The reason that respiratory rate (RR) was not changed may be because the increased cardiac output compensates for the increased oxygen demand.

This is a great recommendation.

What feminism is --- this first song gave me chills!! So good!

This is precisely the results I would expect. However, I completely disagree with their interpretation.

People with high blood pressure (BP) can tolerate a reduction in BP without instigating compensatory mechanisms. People with normal or low BP would invoke compensation by the sympathetic nervous system in response to alpha blockade. This would counteract the depressant effects of adrenergic antagonism. Indeed, adrenaline and noradrenaline elevate in response to standing, which I find to be an obvious prediction. Thus, the lack of benefit from prazosin in these subjects may be mediated by an increase in adrenergic receptor activation other than the apha1-adrenoreceptor; in particular, the beta-adrenergic receptors are likely at fault. Propranolol, a beta-blocker, is used for PTSD, so this mechanism seems well substantiated.

The study apparently found benefit for patients with BP over 110 (with more benefit for higher BP). Thus, I would conclude that systolic pressure below 110 induce compensation.

Post-exercise, diastolic pressure is higher than baseline; compression garments exaggerate this effect

Thus, compression garments may prevent circumstantial hypotension. In this case, one possibility is that the compression is delivering blood to the heart that would otherwise be shunted to the skin for heat dissipation.

These trained athletes have a BP of about 100/60 at rest. This is substantially lower than the roughly 120/80 BP that I've seen elsewhere. This likely limits the drop in BP seen post-exercise.