In 2019, 300 pounds would be equivalent to $30,372.96 while 400 pounds would be equivalent to $40,497.28. 1802 is the closest year to input the information because in the following paragraph, there is an indirect reference to the Treaty of Amiens which took place between 1802-1803. https://www.uwyo.edu/numimage/currency.htm

"This is standard eighteenth- and nineteenth-century practice to create a sense of realism: the author leaves out the name of the country or person, thus pretending it is a real one and that he or she does not wish to intrude upon the privacy of real people" (The Victorian Web).

Letter writing was an imperative part of Regency social life. It was taken seriously as a real pastime and hobby, as letters were the only way to communicate with long distance friends and family. It was standard for letters to be written privately and it was preferred to write during the morning hours. Women were especially encouraged to become adept at letter writing as it was seen as a necessary accomplishment.

http://randombitsoffascination.com/2014/10/07/touch-quill-ink-regency-letter-writing/

Sashes were accessories that women could wear with any dress, for any occasion. It was fashionable for women to wear dresses that accentuated their waists and bodies, so sashes were wrapped around the waist and under the breasts.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1795%E2%80%931820_in_Western_fashion#Regency_(1815%E2%80%931820)_gallery

Equivalent to about $3,627.75 as of 2019.

https://www.uwyo.edu/numimage/currency.htm

Connexions - "Relationship by family ties, as marriage or distant consanguinity. Often with a and plural" (OED).

Technically, Mr. Darcy and the Bennet family are from the same class, the gentry, but he has better connections. Mr. Darcy is related to Lady Catherine De Bourgh who holds the highest title a woman can have within the Gentry class. Comparatively, the Bennet's are related to the Gardiners, who are in a class below the gentry, the professional class.

"Before 1858, the executor or executrix would register the will in the relevant ecclesiastical court to obtain a grant of probate, thereby allowing the bequests to be fulfilled" (BBC, https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/trail/familyhistory/journey_life/research_tools_04.shtml).

It is interesting that Austen repeatedly references Sir Walter Scott here. Scott was a fan of Austen's work and repeatedly praised her in his journal.

Scott wrote of Austen: "Also read again, and for the third time at least, Miss Austen’s very finely written novel of Pride and Prejudice. That young lady had a talent for describing the involvements and feelings and characters of ordinary life, which is to me the most wonderful I ever met with. The Big Bow-wow strain I can do myself like any now going; but the exquisite touch, which renders ordinary commonplace things and characters interesting, from the truth of the description and the sentiment, is denied to me. What a pity such a gifted creature died so early!"

Read more here

The following link includes an image of a cup from 1800s England which was used for hot cocoa. The trend of drinking hot cocoa in the nineteenth century in part drove a market for porcelain/ceramic tea sets and chocolate pots.

https://janeaustensworld.wordpress.com/2008/08/09/hot-chocolate-18th-19th-century-style/

Very few controls existed on medical practice in Regency England. In fact, the UK equivalent of the FDA, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, wasn't even established until 2003. Consequently, "quack medicine" and unusual, ineffective treatments for illnesses were often prescribed to patients by poorly trained and unqualified physicians.

Read more about Georgian quack medicine here

This is most likely a reference to someone originating from the British West Indies- the territories in the Caribbean which were colonized by Great Britain, until decolonization in the 1960s and 1970s.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_West_Indies

A phaeton) was a form of sporty open carriage popular in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. Drawn by one or two horses, a phaeton typically featured a minimal very lightly sprung body atop four extravagantly large wheels

Look at an image here

The harp was considered a particularly graceful and feminine instrument, permitting elible young women to show off their charms and attract potential suitors. Many upper-class women, especially those in boarding schools, learned how to play instruments like the harp to make themselves more appealing in the marriage market.

Read more about the harp as status symbol here

Earlier in the chapter, it is stated that the time is evening. One might be under the impression that tea time was limited to the afternoon. However, times for tea were changing in the early 1800s, with references to "afternoon tea" as well as "high tea" which occurred later in the evening.

https://www.britainexpress.com/History/tea-in-britain.htm

Here, Arthur's reference to green tea as "poison" is strange even to Charlotte. Yet green tea is confirmed to be popular in England in the 1800s. In support of Arthur's point, a text called Ms. Beeton's Book of Household Management published in 1807, which includes many recipes for various beverages, noted that "strong green tea is highly pernicious [harmful], and should never be partaken of too freely."

https://qmhistoryoftea.wordpress.com/2015/02/25/englands-green-and-pleasant-tea/

Sea air was actually shown to be a remedy to various illnesses in the 18th century. But, this was not commonly believed along the entire medical community.

https://books.google.com/books?id=NSHa5u76G08C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

At this time, charities would publish "subscription lists" with the names of all the wealthy elites that donated to their cause. These annual reports listed the names of each annual subscriber and the amount that they gave that year, so the wealthy could show their generosity, and charities could increase donations by making it appear fashionable to donate (this is why Mr. Parker wants Lady Denham to subscribe). http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/61080/1/Flew_Unveiling_the_Anonymous_Philanthropist.pdf

The value of a guinea was equal to 21 shillings at this time (the value was fixed at 21 shillings between 1717 and 1816), but the coin was being phased out by 1813 and was taken out of circulation in 1816. Consequently, "guinea" was became a colloquial term for a unit of currency. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_(coin)#Eighteenth_century

Nervousness was considered a "popular disease" in the late 18th century. Most commonly discussed and found in the middle and elite class. Many people of higher class were said to have bad "nerves" or "nervousness" because there was no clear definition of a nervous disorder at the time.

https://muse.jhu.edu/article/680400

An example of the use of the ocean in the aesthetic expression of the romantic century. Images of the sea became a significant ingredient of romantic expression, and continued to emerge in the language, literature, art, and music of the nineteenth century.

Read more about the ocean and its relationship to Romanticism here

The Isle of Wight is an island off the south coast of England. It’s known for its beaches and seafront promenades.

In Jane Austen’s time, or the early part of the 19th century, there was a clear distinction between a doctor, surgeon, and apothecary.

Doctors and physicians occupied the highest rung on the social ladder. Such citizens could still be considered "upper class" because 1) their training did not include apprenticeship and 2) the profession excluded, supposedly, manual labor

Because surgeons actually treated the patient by performing physical labor – a trade, so to speak – they occupied a lower rung on the social ladder.

Apothecaries, who learned their profession through apprenticeship and who were definitely considered to be in “trade," ranked even lower on the social scale.

Read more here

Famous mineral spring used to cure ailments. https://www.visittunbridgewells.com/

Whooping cough is a highly contagious respiratory tract infection, characterized by uncontrollable coughing. In Jane Austen's time, there was no prevention method (ex. vaccine) or cure to prevent whooping cough, hence why Jane herself suffered from it. Rather than consulting a physician for treatment, she used home remedies concocted by her friend and sister-in-law, Martha Lloyd.

Source

The counties of Hampshire and Surrey (the location of fictional Sanditon) are next to each other, meaning the journey was likely no more than 50 or 60 miles. Although this was no inconsiderable distance, Diana is likely exaggerating the fatigue of traveling between two adjacent counties.

Brighton, located along the coast of Sussex, grew considerably as a popular resort town during the early nineteenth century. From 1769 to 1818, its population grew from 3,000 to 18,000 people. Brighton was a fashionable holiday destination, frequented by members of the British Royal Family.

https://janeaustensworld.wordpress.com/2007/06/25/brighton-a-popular-seaside-resort/

During the Regency period, it was common (and expected) for women to change dresses multiple times per day, depending on the occasion. A morning dress (worn until dinner), walking/promenade dress (worn on walks and during shopping), and an evening gown were necessary wardrobe staples.

http://www.susannedietze.com/dressing-the-regency-lady.html

A Charitable Repository was the precursor to the modern-day charity shop, where donated goods were sold for the benefit of the poor.

Source

Burton on Trent (also called Burton upon Trent) is a major brewery town on the River Trent in East Staffordshire, England. It was known for producing foodstuffs, hosiery, knitting machines, and steel goods.

Hanging was the principle method of judicial execution in England from the 1700s until capital punishment was abolished in 1964.

Although we never learn what this man was hanged for, smuggling and theft were very popular activities at the time.

Read more here

Haymaking (making hay from grass grown from fodder) grew in popularity as a profession during the late 18th/early 19th century. Technological advancements from the Industrial Revolution made haymaking a much easier, faster process and a much more profitable industry.

Source

Since medical professionals were rare, expensive, and not terribly helpful, many women learned basic nursing skills to care for their own families, and had their own home remedies, too.

Source

The Morning Post was a conservative daily newspaper published in London from 1772 to 1937.

The Kentish Gazette is a weekly newspaper serving the city of Canterbury, Kent.

A whole-length portrait of Sir Denham would have been a luxury and a very large expense. The price of a portrait increased with the portion of the person to be depicted, thus a half-height, a three-quarter, and a full length portrait were each incrementally more expensive.

Read more about portraiture in Regency England here

"A carriage and horses, with the attendant servants; in later use sometimes applied to a carriage alone" www.oed.com

The sentimental novel was a popular genre, emerging in 18th century Europe. They aimed to emphasize the value of emotions and "raised the analysis of emotion to a fine art." https://www.britannica.com/art/sentimental-novel

As commonly used today, Timbuctoo is used to refer to "the most distant place imaginable." http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/202099?redirectedFrom=timbuctoo#eid

a city of of West Sussex in South-East England, approximately six miles from the nearest coast

Thirty thousand pounds is equivalent to over one million pounds in today's currency.

Source

For reference, the life expectancy of women in Regency England was approximately 40 years old (around the age that Jane Austen herself passed away).

Source

This was an odd match for the time. In Regency England, the average age of marriage was between 23 and 27 for women and between 25 and 29 for men.

Source

"Subscription" meant a legal promise to pay a certain amount of money, and was a common form of charitable donation. http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/192959?redirectedFrom=subscription#eid

https://histphil.org/2018/08/13/expressive-anonymity-what-pseudonyms-in-19th-century-charity-subscription-lists-tell-us-about-donors/

During the 18th century, many owners of West Indian sugar plantations made fortunes through the use of cutting edge technology in their business ventures -- these successful entrepreneurs came to be known as "Sugar Kings." Some of these men and their families then journeyed back to England to buy estates with their newly earned money, and the sugar lobby gained power in Parliament as the recently-returned Sugar Kings took up seats in the legislature.

Read about the British West Indies here.

From as far back as ancient Egypt, the health benefits of donkey's milk has been recognized. This milk supposedly is "anti-inflammatory and hypoallergenic" and has vitamins and probiotics that make it a more nutritious drink than other animal milk.

https://foodtravelist.com/donkey-milk-health-benefits/

Many cultures believed that the nutrients from the milk aided in the prevention of and recovery from diseases.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128097625000310

Physic is a dated term that, in this context, refers broadly to "medicinal drugs."

https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/physic

Consumption is another name for tuberculosis (TB), which is a serious bacterial disease of the lungs. In the 19th century, there were no cures or effective treatments for consumption, making it one of the leading causes of death and a serious fear.

https://www.lung.org/about-us/blog/2016/01/how-we-conquered-consumption.html

Circulating libraries were particularly popular -- especially among women -- during the 18th and early 19th centuries. Unlike today's libraries, patrons had to pay a fee to access their services and take out books. Libraries also sold other items like stationary products to turn a profit. Mr. Parker wants to see the library subscription book in order to check how many people have signed up to use the library -- and are thus staying in Sanditon -- for the season.

See resources here and here for more information about circulating libraries.

It is possible Susan was suffering from a headache caused by clenching her teeth or from having sensitive jaw or neck muscles. It is not, and has never been, a legitimate cure to extract teeth as a result. This extreme measure highlights that the Parkers are hypochondriacs.

https://migrainepal.com/treatments-clenching-grinding-headache-and-migraine/

Cross friction massage therapy is an actual medical technique for sprained ankles where one applies pressure to the injured ankle using one's hand. This breaks down scar tissue, which would prolong the healing process. Usually, this technique is done a few days after the injury, not immediately as Diana suggests.

https://collegeofmassage.com/toronto/2013/08/sprained-ankles-and-massage-therapy/

Bile is a bodily fluid that is produced by the liver to help the small intestine digest food. It is possible that Diana is suffering from a condition called Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction (SOD) where bile gets intermittently backed up between the liver and small intestine resulting in severe and seemingly random abdominal pains.

https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=134&ContentID=181

Austen is most likely drawing upon her own grievances, as she often complained of "bilious attacks."

https://mh.bmj.com/content/31/1/3

This seems apparently to refer to simply a boarding school that teaches French, but references are unclear. French was, however, a subject of great importance in the Regency era, as this article explains.

References to "French Boarding Schools" in England can be found here and in an advertisement here.

Bathing machines were small shed-like boxes of wood or canvas mounted on wheels and propelled into the water (sometimes pulled by horses). The occupant would change inside the bathing machine and step down from it into the water, thereby guarding the occupant's (usually a woman) modesty. See Heath's Mermaids at Brighton at the top of this text.

[History of bathing machines] (http://www.victoriana.com/Etiquette/bathingmachine.htm)

Images of bathing machines

Austen here uses the term to refer to an "enterprise regarded as governed by chance." www.oed.com

an area of land used for raising young plants www.oed.com

the name of the tract of country, formerly wooded, included portions of Sussex, Kent, and Surrey www.oed.com

a small village in the country www.oed.com

A baronet was ranked as the lowest of those with hereditary titles but above all forms of knighthood. http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/15666?rskey=Z33XhD&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid

Austen is referring to a boarding school attended by young women from wealthy families who, for some reason, were not educated at home by a governess. https://judeknightauthor.com/tag/girls-education-in-regency-england/

Dinner was the primary meal of the day in Regency England and typically took place around mid-day.

It could be considered scandalous for two young, single people of the opposite sex to be having a completely private conversation. Many couples were alone together for the first time during a marriage proposal. https://byuprideandprejudice.wordpress.com/2014/01/28/courtship-and-marriage-in-the-regency-period/

During Austen's life, the British Empire had significant holdings in the Caribbean (the West Indies). These colonies would not begin becoming independent until after World War II.

History of the West Indies

Hypochondria was recognized as a real condition during Austen's time. It was classified as a "nervous disorder," and tended to be reserved only to the elite of society. This seems to be the only illness of Susan, Diana, and Arthur.

http://jasna.org/publications/persuasions-online/volume-38-no-2/darcy/

By the mid-18th century, swimming in the cold ocean was a standard therapy for illness or anxiety. The adrenaline from the shock of cold was thought to have soothing effects on the body, calming anxiety and restoring the body-soul balance.

Generally spelled "Nankeen," a type of short walking boot made with a pale brown cotton cloth originally produced in Nanjing, China.

Information about Nankeen boots

During the 18th and 19th Century, Parliament passed the Inclosure Acts, which expanded landowners' ability to enclose previously publicly-held lands for their own use. This practice was protested against by commoners who had relied on the lands for communal use.

History of enclosures

More history of enclosures

The Inclosure Acts

Straw hats would have been a common seaside accessory for Regency-era women. Lace was also becoming more readily available -- and affordable -- in the early 19th century with the perfection of lace-making machines in 1813. Up until the 19th century, lace was generally handmade and thus expensive, but by the time of Sanditon's writing was much cheaper.

A history of lace

On straw hats vs. lace

Resembling a gentleman. Gentleman c1700 would have meant "A man of gentle birth, or having the same heraldic status as those of gentle birth; properly, one who is entitled to bear arms, though not ranking among the nobility, but also applied to a person of distinction without precise definition of rank"

and "A man of superior position in society, or having the habits of life indicative of this; often, one whose means enable him to live in easy circumstances without engaging in trade, a man of money and leisure"(http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/77673?redirectedFrom=gentleman#eid)

18th century England obsessed over the health benefits of the seaside, especially as a cure for tuberculosis. This fascination led to the creation of resort towns, which later spread from England to the new world.

https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/08/the-historic-healing-power-of-the-beach/279175/

The partner of a surgeon is, in this context, the apothecary. Apothecaries were able to legally dispense medicine while surgeons could legally perform operations.

https://books.google.com/books?id=Gm-N_969uekC&dq=surgeon+and+partner+jane+austen&source=gbs_navlinks_s

At the end of the 18th century, tonic pills were believed to be an effective form of dieting. After the extravagance of the Georgian period (especially George IV), it became fashionable and responsible to lose weight during the Regency period.

https://www.historyextra.com/period/georgian/revealed-how-the-georgians-taught-us-to-diet-300-years-ago/

1. spasmodic: characterized by spasms or convulsive twitches
2. pulmonary: relating to lungs
3. septic: putrefactive, putrefying
4. billious: Affected by too great a secretion of bile, or from bilious derangement
5. rheumatic: containing mucous or watery secretions

www.oed.com

Approximately 25,000 families made up the landed gentry in late 18th century England. https://www.historytoday.com/archive/marriage-and-property-jane-austen%E2%80%99s-novels

In 1753, Dr. Richard Russell popularized the idea that sea air was beneficial to one's health and nervous system in his writing A Dissertation Concerning the Use of Sea-Water in Diseases of the Glands. By the 19th century, it was generally accepted that the air, in addition to the actual water, had health benefits, but this belief was not backed by science.

http://jasna.org/publications/persuasions-online/volume-38-no-2/darcy/

There were no licensed dentists during this period. General physicians extracted teeth and often without anesthetic, making it a very painful (and traumatizing?) process. This explains why Charlotte is so sympathetic towards Miss Parker.

https://georgianera.wordpress.com/2015/02/05/18th-century-dentistry/

Austen would be referring to a pocket watch. Wristwatches were not worn, especially by men, until around the turn of the 20th century. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/23/fashion/wrist-watches-from-battlefield-to-fashion-accessory.html

Donkey milk was considered a viable medical treatment from antiquity (Cleopatra bathed in it) until the turn of the 19th century, when it largely went out of fashion. It was considered a generic cure for a variety of conditions, including gout, scurvy, coughs, colds and asthma. For many, donkey milk caused stomach problems and "lactose intolerance."

https://georgianera.wordpress.com/tag/asses-milk/

Here is a link that explains what the dollar in Jane Austen's world equates to today. It also includes information about the economy of that time. http://www.jasna.org/publications/persuasions-online/vol36no1/toran/

Treatments for illness often relied on "fresh air" to clear impurities from the body.

http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/h/health-and-medicine-in-the-19th-century/

a room reserved for the reception of company, and to which the ladies withdraw from the dining-room after dinner; a private room that is attached to public areas of the house http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/57558

Any disease marked by inflammation and pain in the joints, muscles, or fibrous tissue, especially rheumatoid arthritis.

South Foreland and Land's End are points on opposite ends of England's southern coast.

A district of London.

Testing the functionality of this web tool.

What caused this departure? Was it just that this was the next phase? Previous violence had effectively advanced the agenda to this point to allow 'mopping up' and consolidating the gains that had been won?

It might be a good idea to follow the link and read the Dawes act, just to get some perspective on what was the contents of this document. [http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?doc=50&page=transcript)]

This poetic description of 'dismemberment' is quite graphic and evokes images of slaughter and mass graves such as at wounded-knee. The act of land-redistribution was one of violence and it resulted in destroyed lives and culture as well as somewhat 'indirectly,' the literal death of inhabitants from economic factors as well as increase in crime, violence, alcoholism... I need to take a break and go to work, my objectivity is slipping, and emotion is powerful, but not the best historical lens, especially in an academic setting.

It is the isolation from traditional social networks and economic systems such as Buffalo that accomplishes this. I just thought of how I will go to food-service work in an hour and administer 'Buffalo Sauce' and the thought and association made me sick. That people's livelihoods were destroyed so they would be replaced by making practically extinct a magnificent species. And now I use that word every work-day in the context of a pungent smelling, spicy, cowboy/country-western themed hot-sauce condiment.

Here the wall of separation between church and state is explicitly broken. The reason is apparent: the federal government seeks allies among a variety of institutions to aid in the ultimate elimination of native peoples, and total control of land and residents.

Here is an effective form of collective resistance that allowed individuals such as Nannie to survive. Without this network, she very well may have perished in this harsh environment, no matter how independent she was. No person survives as an island, which is why Allotment policies seek to isolate and control Native peoples made dependent.

Both perspectives are authentic, and neither are mutually exclusive. This is a complex and problematic topic, perhaps it is best that it remains uncomfortable, unsettled, and unsettling, especially in an academic context.

Elevation in social hierarchy becomes equated not with resistance or talent within a traditional Cherokee context, but in the context of white cooperation and submission, with real economic incentives for following the program. Within Cherokee society this restructures the social hierarchy, and alters fundamentally the character and beliefs of the new generation of leaders. This creates division and social upheaval within the community.

Here wildness and skin color are consistently connected, but also notice evidence of equating the state of the hut to the inhabitant, compared to the whitewashed houses mentioned in the lecture, with pine floors...

The Cherokee identity is one that is meant to be eventually erased, so hypodescent is treated differently than that of African slaves. Blackness was considered a badge of slavery, so it was carefully portrayed as a contagious quality that one drop would grant an identity, so that it would persist despite intermixing and create a perpetual stock of potential slaves. This attitude persisted in the South even after slavery was abolished. The Cherokees were meant to eventually disappear, so in this case, whiteness was portrayed contagious in at least the sense it would 'erase' the Cherokee identity, if not enough to make them 'equal.'

Here the physical features between Anglo Americans and Cherokees are juxtaposed, and are tied to an essentialist view where the physical characteristics are ranked on a hierarchy that encompasses linked traits such as intelligence, morality, civilization, and spiritual purity. Having Cherokee students write material such as this promotes an internalization of racism, and a normalization of accepting their place within this hierarchy. Ostensibly there would be resistance to this, but resistance would be punished, and acceptance would be rewarded, leading 'clever' Cherokees to follow the least path of resistance and receive praise and be rewarded for submission, while the 'stubborn/backwards' Cherokees would 'fail to learn the truth' and be punished. This suggests an Orwellian dynamic of indoctrination and psychological manipulation.

It is important to put into context that the real destruction of Native Peoples was far reaching, and that the Boarding School institution did not exist in a vacuum. The real tragedy was a multifaceted, expansive process of genocide, elimination, and replacement... not just allotments and re-education. Context matters to view the Boarding School institution as an agent of cultural violence.

Here is a good explicit example of how race and culture are tied together in 19th and early 20th century racial paradigms.

The internalization of white racism by mixed-blood students represents one of the major consequences of the divisive nature of the boarding school dynamic. In-group/out-group division as different categories are arranged in proximity to whiteness, creating conflict to promote white interests and gain allies in Native destruction and subjugation in the late-game/end-game strategy.

A sense of entrapment, definite negative feelings, and involuntary attendance. This is someone who HAS to be here, they don't want to be.

This is an interesting way to phrase it. Did it create pride among many Cherokees, or just a select few? The narrative the federal government and the institution, and Indian Affairs would want to portray certainly suggests this, but is it wise to use this type of language today off hand, and is it historically accurate?

These names may be useful to remember for researching primary history documents.

The seminarian perspective is one that can be viewed as problematic or controversial, because it is wrong to deny their experiences and their unique perspective of individuals benefiting from boarding schools, but it is even worse to deny the tragedy and the cultural destruction inflicted by this institution.

The HMO Act of 1973 resulted in for profit health care.

In the 1970s health care was allowed to change from a non-profit to a for profit.

Baylor University's teacher's created one of the first "employee insurance companies" which turned into Blue Cross.

The result of the Stabilization Act of 1942 was for employers to provide health care benefits to employees.

After WWII companies started providing health insurance to employees. Somewhere along the way this translated into employers co-oping with private insurance companies to provide health insurance as opposed to paying the employees medical bills or providing their own doctors and clinics.

This is quite something.

History of ride sharing which shows how it has evelutionized

Meaning "little Madonna" or "small Madonna." What is fascinating about this reference is the history behind the Madonnelle street shrines (little Madonnas) in Rome/other Italian cities. These little Madonnas were seen as the protectors of the communities in which they looked over (literally believed to be protecting them from evil). Also, lamps in front of the shrines were lit at night to guide passer-bys through the darkness, and, unlike other Madonna icons, these little Madonnas gazed directly at the viewer, establishing "a personal connection between the two." Maybe not such a ridicuous bluestocking figure to compare Mary Astell to afterall?

From the time she was a girl she wore pants and she continued to do so even in the military.

The phrasing of this appears to be somewhat biased. It sounds like her credentials weren't up to snuff or something but really, the military was low on surgeons at that time and simply didn't want a woman. https://hyp.is/vAWzXCtjEem5j1tLLCQ8dg/cfmedicine.nlm.nih.gov/physicians/biography_325.html

This is some what conflicting information. According to https://hyp.is/vAWzXCtjEem5j1tLLCQ8dg/cfmedicine.nlm.nih.gov/physicians/biography_325.html she did work as a Nurse, she just wasn't paid.

She was a surgeon in private practice but wanted to join the war effort.

She was the second women surgeon at that time.

She finally was appointed a surgeon near the end of the war.

She wore her medal everyday and also modified her uniform in the war to have pants. In 1917 they took all medals of honor away for anyone who hadn't been "in combat". She refused to give her medal up and wore it until the day she died. Jimmy Carter later reinstated her medal in 1977.

She worked as an unpaid nurse because she was not allowed to join as a surgeon in the US military.

This is why I am here. As we have become more and more specialized, we have become less capable of understanding the consequences, good or ill, of new technologies. Looking back at foundational documents like this with a critical eye is a first step. We can't divorce science and technology from history, ethics and critical analysis without suffering the consequences. Looking back and understanding how we got here will provide clues in how to fix things. I am Geoff Cain - I started out life as a writer and English teacher and eventually went into elearning. I am VERY interested in projects like this because we need to stop being passive consumers of information. I want to help end the Era of the Guilty By-Stander: shared thought can lead to shared action. I will be blogging my experiences with this project at http://geoffcain.com

I'm reminded here of Walter Benjamin's note on the "Angelus Novus" illustration: "His eyes are staring, his mouth is open, his wings are spread. This is how one pictures the angel of history. His face is turned toward the past. Where we perceive a chain of events, he sees on single catastrophe which keeps piling wreckage upon wreckage and hurts it in front of his feet. The angel would like to stay, awaken the dead, and make whole what has been smashed. But a storm is blowing from Paradise; it has got caught in his wings with such violence that the angel can no longer close them. This storm irresistibly propels him into the future to which his back is turned, while the peril of debris before him grows skyward. This storm is what we call progress" (Theses on the Philosophy of History).

Via Stanford Encyclopedia - History of Utilitarianism: "Though there are many varieties of the view discussed, utilitarianism is generally held to be the view that the morally right action is the action that produces the most good. There are many ways to spell out this general claim. One thing to note is that the theory is a form of consequentialism: the right action is understood entirely in terms of consequences produced. What distinguishes utilitarianism from egoism has to do with the scope of the relevant consequences. On the utilitarian view one ought to maximize the overall good — that is, consider the good of others as well as one's own good."

This is the first remarried woman in Austen's writing. While it was discussed in Persuasion, it was in much more generic terms, and mostly regarding men. This is an interesting dynamic.

This presumably is in reference to Robert Burns's well known love affairs. See section "The Life of a Lover and Writer": https://www.biography.com/people/robert-burns-9232194

The definition of "mulatto" according to an American census in 1850 is a person who "has from 3/8th to 5/8th black blood." There were no instructions on how to determine the percentage of African ancestry, besides the use of previous censuses and even skin colour. The British and later Americans with Caucasian ancestry were very particular in describing how much African ancestry a person had, which lead to specific rules and regulations on their behaviour.

Miss Lambe is the first and only person mentioned in Austen's works identified as other than white, and it is interesting that she is rich and the "most important and precious".

https://scholar.harvard.edu/jlhochschild/publications/racial-reorganization-and-united-states-census-1850-1930-mulattoes-half-br

Libraries also contained "expensive merchandise." Source.

In the 19th century, libraries were popular places for wealthy people to socialize. The fact that the library doesn't yet have better connections on its list seems disappointing for Mr. Parker.

Source.

Miss Denham is jealous of nicer vehicles, as a gig is a lightweight, two-wheeled cart:

"The gig was more formal than a village cart but less formal than other carriages or coaches. It also had a somewhat cheap reputation having received its name from a contraction of “whirligig,” because similar to the whirligig, the gig whirled rapidly. (https://www.geriwalton.com/the-gig-or-chaise/)

A now uncommon way of saying main road, but also euphemistically used to describe the most moral way. This text grapples with ethics in business ventures, particularly given the evident gentrification happening in Sanditon as a result of hypochondria that Austen describes as a pass time of the privileged. http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/86929?redirectedFrom=high+road#eid

Pleasures of Hope by Thomas Campbell: http://spenserians.cath.vt.edu/TextRecord.php?textsid=37917

William Wordsworth, Romantic poet.

https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/william-wordsworth

James Montogomery, Scottish-born poet and jounalist.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Montgomery

Poet and musician Robert Burns wrote of Mary "Highland Mary" Campbell

http://www.robertburns.org/encyclopedia/CampbellHighlandMary176315186.180.shtml

Cottage ornée or decorated cottage, dates back to a movement of "rustic" stylised cottages of the late 18th and early 19th century during the Romantic movement, when some sought to discover a more "natural" way of living as opposed to the formality of the preceding baroque and neo-classical architectural styles. via https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottage_orn%C3%A9

For more on the origins of the cottage ornée (in the Regency era in particular): https://regencyredingote.wordpress.com/2012/03/16/cottage-orn-style/

Michaelmas is a Christian festival taking place on September 29 which honors the archangel Michael for defeating Satan in the war in Heaven. This article contains specific British traditions and emblems from Michaelmas festivities:

https://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/Michaelmas/

Links to common words/themes throughout the annotations

A reference to the poet Walter Scott.

"Bloodletting procedures, including leeching, became the most common medical procedure throughout the early modern period. By the early 19th century, many patients regularly submitted to various bloodletting practices as a means of preventing or treating infection and disease"

https://www.britannica.com/science/leeching

Leeching more specifically in Jane Austen's world: "One can imagine that during her final illness, Jane Austen was no stranger to leeches."

https://janeaustensworld.wordpress.com/tag/leeches/

"Wagons, called Bathing Machines, were invented especially for the purpose, and would be drawn out into the water by sturdy women, who might then assist you down into the water where you could paddle about or swim in relative privacy, shielded from view of the shore."

https://www.janeausten.co.uk/tag/bathing-machines/

The West Indies were Caribbean islands where many of the British migrated to, mostly in the 16th and 17th centuries. These "West Indians" may be returning British citizens who had lived in the Caribbean.

https://genealogical.com/2018/06/11/british-migration-to-the-west-indies-before-1800/

For all the people who love history day

special files in cp/m

Starts with a small amount of history and its use; this article actually discusses an experimental seminar done to test the usefulness of Slack in education. (4/5)

NOTE: MOOC is a Massive Online Open Course)

Bootstrapping strategy: http://dougengelbart.org/content/view/262/000/

Engelbart's guiding philosophy

acme example rob pike apparently had an elaborate answer as to why he wouldn't allow to change the colorschme

Yeah, this is what I hope our readings of Melville do: make the act of reading, in all its materiality, move to the foreground.

Okay, so the piece shows its age a bit here, but the broad point about the "liquid text" that can be poured into different formats/containers is still quite relevant. I note, though, that the author slips between medium and material support here. An audiobook is a medium that can be materialized various ways (as we discussed last week, wax cylinder, LP, cassette, smartphone), whereas the Kindle is a piece of plastic, a "material support" in the book history lingo.

We move from hearing of "Gardena" in general to their exemplar and greatest hero, Scyld Scefing. Roy Liuzza notes that the name means "Shield, Son of Sheaf," in his translation, 2nd ed. (Peterborough, ONT: Broadview Press, 2013), note 2 on page 49. The name connects the Danes' hero with both war ("Shield") and agricultural production ("Sheaf"): he makes his people victorious and well-fed. For more on the name, see Francis Leneghan, “Reshaping Tradition: The Originality of the Scyld Scefing Episode in Beowulf,” in Transmission and Generation in Medieval and Renaissance Literature: Essays in Honour of John Scattergood, edited by Karen Hodder and‎ Brendan O'Connell (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2012), 21–36.

The underlying premise is that there used to be a balance between tech innovation and political response in the USA, but since Reagan, there has not.

I wonder what the connection is between this term and the dish?

Women were afforded much the same rights as men in Egyptian society.

At least 15 egyptian pharaohs were known to be women. This article from 2014 suggests there were at least 7. It's crazy how in just 3 years they discovered that there were more than twice as many. This really speaks to the cover up by the scientific community to exclude women from history.

“As Glacken points out, Plato missed the chance to change the whole history of speculation concerning man-land relations by identifying the individual as destructive agent.” (P. 24)

Qué hace un geógrafo?

“Geography has always had a holistic tradition, so that it comes as no intellectual shock to study systems or interconnected parts of diverse origin. Geography is closed involved with cartography in the development and use of maps, which are ideally suited that are ideally suited to the study of complex location factors. A geographer is a person who ask questions about the significance of place, distance, direction, spread and spatial succession. The geographer deals with problems of accesibility, innovation diffusion, density, and other derivatives of relative location.” 8

El primer momento de fermento inteleectual en el mundo occidental entre la grecia antigua y el 4 y 5 siglo antes de cristo

1874-> Inicio de la geografía moderna con el establecimiento de departamentos de geografía en Alemania. Luego Francia, Gran Bretaña y Rusia. Estados Unidos

Tres condiciones para un campo profesional:

1. Un cuerpo de conceptos, imágenes y una forma particular de hacer preguntas.
2. Existencia de asociaciones, publicaciones y departamentos que impartan la disciplina
3. Que exista un campo de acción en el que a los egresados de las escuelas les les pague por lo que hacen

Periodos de la historia de la geografía Clasico: Hasta 1859

It also introduced bank account numbers, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Recording_Machine,_Accounting

The Venetian Republic which lasted a millennium is famous for its archival practice. It virtually documented everything.

this is awesome

Sociotemporal reactions/responses/concepts have deep historical roots and intercultural relationships.

Current ways of thinking about time continue to be significantly influenced by post-industrial socio-economic constructs, like clock-time, labor efficiencies (speed), and value metaphors (money, attention, thrift).

joe shaw sponsors Cherokee County Heritage

I'm curious why the organizers chose 1836 as the end date for this symposium. Any thoughts?

The Tuskegee news made a suggestion to erect a statue of major w. w. screws, an editor and soldier.

editor of tuskegee news chaired committee that erected a monument for major screws

earliest columnists included George Washington Carver and Booker T. Washington

I disagree with this statement. It is important to acknowledge the long-standing tradition of libraries themselves and their place in society before Christianity. Libraries were also often housed in religious spaces (such as the Mouseion in Alexandria), and people filling social roles that would evolve into the modern librarians have existed since the Sumerians, and there were people filling these roles in Western societies in the Classical world.

Factual history of the act

Related judgments and precedents

History of minimum wages act

Quadrille, according to David Parlett was a wildly popular card game of the period. "A notable characteristic of Quadrille is that it was always more popular with women than with men." The pool is the main stake of each round, like the collected bets in poker.

Historic Card Games described by David Parlett

Darcy’s income was more than 300 times as much the average per capita income of his time. Translated into today’s currency, Mr. Darcy would have an annual income of over $300,000 (http://www.jasna.org/persuasions/printed/number12/heldman.htm).

Women learned specific skills to make themselves more desirable to potential suitors. The accomplished woman read appropriate books and was knowledgeable in math, science, French, social science, music, art, dance, and needlework. Women were expected to socialize well and serve the family with skills that would not challenge her husband (http://randombitsoffascination.com/2014/11/04/accomplished-lady/).

"A type of light four-wheeled open carriage, usually drawn by a pair of horses, and having one or two seats facing forward" (OED).

Image of a light phaeton (Two Nerdy History Girls).

"A light two-wheeled one-horse carriage" (OED).

Image of a Standhope-style gig (Wikipedia).

“A small flat piece of bone or ivory used instead of money or for keeping account in games of chance; sometimes made in the form of a fish” (OED).

Fish made from ivory (Austenonly.com):

Other shapes, made of mother-of-pearl (Austenonly.com):

This paragraph is written right after the paragraph where it mentions that Mrs. Gardiner is an "intelligent, elegant woman", which is interesting because it goes directly to the role she has to play as a woman. Mrs. Gardiner talking about the latest fashions suggests her social ranking as well since women of upper class were the ones who mostly experienced changing fashion and middle class women wore the same outfits (Life for Women in 18th Century). The change of topic in the paragraphs also ignores her intelligence and instead shows her focusing on topics she should care about as a woman because that was her role.

It's well known that men had an advantage of getting a proper education which explains Mr. Gardiner's intelligence. This paragraph shows that Mrs. Gardiner was "amiable, intelligent" which shows that she had some form of an education. For women, getting an education was different than men because not all females got an education. According to the article, "Life for Women in 18th Century", if women got an education, it is usually because they were wealthy and were able to go to boarding school. Some women, not everyone, of lower class learned basic reading and writing skills. Although this doesn't mention her background and what exactly it means by "intelligent", it makes me wonder which social class she was raised in and if she really did get education.

Mrs. Bennet is so upset with Elizabeth not accepting the proposal because in the late 18th century getting married was important for young ladies, for future economic concerns, especially for those women who wouldn't be left anything after their father's death (Maurer, Courtship and Marriage).

The 1995 BBC Pride and Prejudice television adaption used the historical Edgcote House as Netherfield. "Edgcote House, located in southwest Northamptonshire, is the setting for Mr. Charles Bingley’s leased estate. The building was built in the 18th century, and was at one time owned by Anne of Cleves, who was Henry VIII’s fourth wife, and one who was actually allowed to keep her head!" (https://austenauthors.net/a-tour-of-estate-houses-used-in-pride-and-prejudice/)

BBC recreates what it would have been like at the Pride and Prejudice ball. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=63lLJFBiV_M

The history of an object is very important when considering the culture of it. Knowing the history and production will connect to many ideas and thoughts of the creator.