Evaluation Summary:

This interesting study identifies why or how the integrated stress response pathway regulates cell recovery upon proteotoxic stress, which is especially interesting in cancer cells resistant to proteasome inhibitors. The authors conclude that translation initiation of mRNAs encoding microtubule cytoskeleton, centrosome and ATF5 proteins is necessary to recover from proteotoxic stress. This paper will make a strong contribution to the literature.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

Wang et al., present a thorough analysis of specific neuronal lineages in the early larval ventral nervous system with the objective to relate the birth order to circuit connectivity and function. The stated key findings of the work are (1) the identification of sharp temporal cohort divisions for the lineages under investigation, (2) synapse formation between neurons of different lineages and temporal cohorts, and (3) the observation that output neurons in this instance are born prior to input neurons. The study raises the question of to what extent these findings can be generalized.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This manuscript is one of the first broad epigenetic analyses in lung development and will be of interest to not only lung biologists but also to the field of epithelial developmental biology. Using paired transcriptomic and epigenetic data, they have uncovered a vast repertoire of signaling mechanisms underlying lung development. These findings have opened up the field's opportunities to understand and study novel pathways and have further defined a role for PI3 kinase signaling in lung development.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

Clement and colleagues describe and illustrate the endocasts of six Palaeozoic lungfish genera from superb 3D fossil material, which are very informative for the understanding of brain evolution of lungfishes, the extant sister group to land vertebrates. Rendering important anatomical details regarding brain evolution in lungfishes, and sarcopterygians in general, this work will be of broad interest to zoologists, including vertebrate paleontologists and neuroanatomists.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #, Reviewer #2 and Reviewer #3 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

Giant dsDNA viruses, with genomes in excess of 1Mb that encode more than a thousand genes, were only recently discovered and their study offers new opportunities to understand life's evolved mechanisms. In this manuscript, Villalta and colleagues report results on one of the most complex known viruses, the Mimivirus. Its genome is compacted into magnificent fibers comprising apparently repurposed GMC-type oxidoreductase paralogs assembled as a helical coat around genomic dsDNA. Cryo-EM and cryo-ET image analysis yielded a structural model of the fiber in multiple states. The authors also provide some evidence that additional viral enzymes, including RNA polymerases, exist within the fiber assemblies. Pending the resolution of certain issues that emerged in peer review, the study will be of broad interest to biologists.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 and Reviewer #3 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

The paper would be of interest to neuroscientists and clinician scientists interested in better understanding the mechanism of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Using a combination of electrical artifact-free calcium imaging and electrical stimulation, it probes the effects of stimulation on the neural dynamics of basal ganglia structures that correlate with motor improvement. The key claims are well supported with a convincing discussion of the caveats of the methods used.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #3 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

McGregor et al. establish a new reinforcement learning paradigm for songbirds, where instead of auditory feedback (white noise) they use mild cutaneous electrical stimulation as a reinforcer. Their data shows that this somatosensory stimulus can aversively drive pitch changes of a targeted syllable in similar manners as an auditory stimulus does. They further show that the anterior forebrain pathway (AFP) and dopaminergic projections to the AFP are necessary for this non-auditory vocal learning by electrolytically lesioning the output nucleus of the AFP and by depleting dopaminergic input to Area X. Their analysis is rigorous and their data convincingly show shared mechanisms for vocal reinforcement learning using white noise (auditory) or cutaneous electrical stimulation (non-auditory).

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #3 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

Aida et al use a combination of novel experimental measurements and data processing to wrangle the complexity of bacterial growth for different media conditions. This study represents a clear example tackling the complexity of biological systems from the condition sides (~13,000 growth curves were measured) influencing the growth of a well-defined single specie of bacterium and with a reasonable first pass at data processing. The findings are ultimately simple (with essentially 3 conditions accounting all variability in the system) and easily interpretable.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #2 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This study provides novel evidence that a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist enhances model-based control of behavior, whereas blocking opioid receptors has no effect on the trade-off between habitual responding and goal-directed planning. These conclusions are based on compelling behavioral and computational modeling data and will be of interest to cognitive neuroscientists and computational psychiatrists.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

In this paper, the authors find a link between the emergence of functional connectivity (FC) and changes in regional Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBF) in human infancy from birth to 24 months of age, which will be of interest to the increasing field investigating how the establishment of the brain's functional organization is linked to neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions. The data quality and complementarity are impressive for infants over this developmental period (0-2 years). Most of the key claims of the manuscript are well supported by the data. However, the relatively sparse sample and cross-sectional nature does limit interpretation.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This manuscript will be of interest to developmental biologists and pediatric cardiologists. Addressing the role of NR2F transcription factors in the fish heart, it provides novel insight into atrial chamber patterning and the formation of pacemaker cells. High-quality data are presented supporting the novel finding of a requirement of nr2f1a for restricting the production of pacemaker cells. Yet, data are currently not conclusive in claiming transdifferentiation of atrial cells in the mutants.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 and Reviewer #3 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This is an interesting report using computational tools and large amounts of prospective samples from clinical trials to identify different signatures. Using data collected early in the infection in outpatients, the authors aim to identify a set of plasma proteins that can predict a number of outcomes, including disease progression, control of viral shedding, and the onset of antibodies during COVID-19. This study adds to the understanding of the host immune response against COVID-19, as well as the potential of computational tools for the molecular taxonomy of immune responses.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This study applies super-resolution imaging to the distribution of Ca2+ release channels before and after adrenergic stimulation. They make comparisons between healthy and failing cardiomyocytes. The results are specifically applicable to the understanding of contractile function in cardiac failure.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

Bistable visual perception offers a unique window to study how perception arises and changes via an interaction between bottom-up and top-down processes. In three Magnetoencephalography (MEG) experiments with advanced neural state space analysis, this study demonstrates that two key aspects of bistable visual perception - perceptual content and perceptual stability - are mediated by slow cortical potential (SCP) and alpha-beta-band neural oscillations, respectively. The findings would be interesting for many fields, such as perception, consciousness, and attention.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This is a well-designed study that will be of interest to cognitive neuroscientists studying event perception and memory, particularly those interested in naturalistic paradigms. The main contribution is in growing our understanding of how interpretational differences of events are reflected in differences in neural representations of those events. While the presented results are convincing, it remains somewhat unclear what processes drive the observed effects, and thus what the role of the implicated brain regions is in memory updating.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #3 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This manuscript presents a combination of in vivo recording and optogenetic experiments that together with modeling brings a significant message: inhibition is functionally present in the newborn frontal cortex having major effects in EEG dynamics. The work challenges the view on the switch in GABAergic excitation to inhibition and extends phenomenological observations to human infant EEG data.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #3 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This paper combines evolution experiments with genomic analysis of environmental samples to study the evolution of colistin resistance in E. coli. It highlights the importance of pre-existing genomic variations in clinical strains in driving the evolution of antibiotic resistance. The results presented here are relevant for clinical and non-clinical microbiologists studying antibiotic resistance to last-resort drugs like colistin. The design of the research is simple and elegant, and the genomic data analysis connects the in vitro findings to the real world. However, the authors could better align the experimental and clinical data, and better clarify their experimental design choices.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 and Reviewer #2 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

Vaccines are a major influenza control strategy in swine, but perform sub-optimally and are under-utilized. The manuscript describes a detailed genetic characterization of influenza virus variants in vaccinated versus unvaccinated pigs. The results indicate that viral reassortment, which is an important process yielding new strange of importance to man and animals, may be less common in pigs that have been vaccinated against influenza.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This is a systematic review by meta-analysis about the effect of calcium supplementation on bone health in people under 35 years old. The authors found that calcium supplementation can significantly improve BMD and BMC in young people. Moreover, a better effect of calcium supplementation was shown in people who are at the plateau of their PBM. A unique feature of this study is that it focused on people at the age before achieving PBM or age at the plateau of PBM, which is different from previous studies that mainly focused on the elderly or children.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This paper describes a new dotplot-based approach for analyzing Low Complexity Regions (LCRs) in proteins. The work is validated against a single protein, compared to existing methods, and applied to the proteomes of several model systems. The work aims to show links between specific LCRs and biological function and subcellular location, and study conservation in LCRs amongst higher species.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #2 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

Jia et al. present an exciting machine learning framework named "Selfee" for unsupervised and objective analysis of animal behavior that should draw broad interest from researchers studying quantitative animal behavior. However, there are some unresolved issues for establishing credibility of the method that needs to be addressed.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 and Reviewer #3 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

The manuscript reports results of a combined experimental and numerical investigation of magnetotactic bacteria in strong spatial confinement and under the influence of an external magnetic field. Single cells are trapped in micrometer-sized microfluidic chambers. A variety of trajectories are found, which depend on the chamber size and the strength of the magnetic field. A detailed understanding of swimming in simple controlled confinement is essential to predict the behavior of motile microorganisms in the complex environments of their natural habitat.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This work offers a simple explanation to a fundamental question in cell biology: what dictates the volume of a cell and of its nucleus, focusing on yeast cells. The central message is that all this can be explained by an osmotic equilibrium, using the classical Van't Hoff's Law. The novelty resides in an effort to provide actual numbers experimentally.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This manuscript by Kosillo and colleagues presents a series of carefully carried out experiments evaluating the impact of perturbing the mTORC1 and mTORC2 protein complexes selectively in mouse dopamine neurons. By utilizing dopamine neuron-specific Raptor and Rictor cKO mice, this paper elucidated which of these mTOR complexes are responsible for the regulation of dopamine neuronal functions, revealing the importance of mTORC1/2 signaling for the structure and function of dopamine neurons. This paper provided comprehensive data including structural, physiological, and biochemical alterations by genetic deletion of Raptor/Rictor in dopamine neurons.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #2 and Reviewer #3 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This paper is of broad interest to researchers studying chromosome structure. Using a powerful reconstitution system, the authors dissect the function of the chromosome organising complex, condensin II. Several findings, if supported by some additional analyses, are surprising and thus have the potential to fuel further mechanistic studies of condensin function.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 and Reviewer #2 agreed to share their names with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This study describes the correlations between different membrane properties and the size of the soma of spinal alpha-motoneurons (MNs) using data from 40 experimental in vivo studies. The authors have distilled decades of research on motoneuron properties into a set of mathematical relationships that can guide both experimentalists and modelers interested in developing realistic models of populations of motoneurons. The key result is a complete table of the empirical relationships between the anatomical and physiological properties of MNs. Overall, the dataset approach is interesting, although a detailed analysis of the variability within and between datasets is urgently needed. In addition, a simpler framing of the paper could make the main message easier to grasp.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #2 and Reviewer #3 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

Kang et al. studied the role of cystathionine beta-synthase , an enzyme involved in homocysteine catabolism, in the senescent state imposed by oncogenic Akt. They find that this enzyme facilitates the acquisition of features of senescence, and is frequently silenced in tumors, whereas re-expressing it reduces cell proliferation. This manuscript is potentially of interest to cancer biologists, particularly those studying oncogene-induced senescence and mechanisms of senescence escape in cancers.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #3 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This work seeks to resolve questions surrounding "unexplained variability in functional recovery" after experimental spinal cord injury in mice using virus-based retrograde tracing from cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal cord injection sites, tissue clearing and cutting-edge imaging, to develop a supraspinal connectome or map of neurons in the brain that project to the spinal cord. They apply their methods to understand the differences in the connections between the brain and the cervical or lumbar spinal cord and to compare the connectome from intact mice to those of mice with mild, moderate and severe spinal cord injuries. This work will be of interest to neuroscientists interested in tissue clearing, viral labelling, and its applications to spinal cord injury.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 and Reviewer #2 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This paper very nicely tackles a methodological problem in aligning different types of datasets (EM and light microscopy) to image embryonic nervous system development in the nematode C.elegans. The paper is important not just from a methodological standpoint, but also provides novel insights into nervous system development that will be of general interest to the reader. The latter deserves more attention in the manuscript.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This paper will be of great interest to the field of developmental neuroscience and social communication. The authors identified prenatal sensorimotor vocal precursors by detecting rhythmic orofacial movements related to vocalizations. These findings will provide new insights into the development of vocal behavior in primates. The data acquired by a highly quantitative approach support the major claims of the paper.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 and Reviewer #2 agreed to share their names with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

The manuscript has the potential to transform the field of sensory transduction and gene regulation in the Vibrio genus by uncovering a previously undescribed enhancer binding protein and its role in the regulation of quorum sensing and physiology in the Vibrio - squid symbiosis. However, in its present form, several experiments are required to support the claims of the manuscript.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

Guimaraes et al address the origin of the macrophage increase in sensory ganglia after peripheral nerve injury. The authors show that there is no major influx by blood-derived monocytes into ganglia after injury and that resident macrophages proliferate, which is dependent on CX3CR1 signaling. Overall the work is clear and sound and should be of interest to immunologists and neurobiologists.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #2 and Reviewer #3 agreed to share their names with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

The paper provides information about the relative importance of the type I and type III interferon-driven gene expression and anti-viral responses, particularly focused on the role of the Intestinal microbiota to maintain background levels of type III (interferon lambda) signaling. Type III-driven gene expression is highly discontinuous in the epithelial layer and mainly at the villous tips with consequent effects on the kinetics of rotavirus model infections.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript.The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

The mechanisms that control cholesterol movement from the plasma membrane (PM) to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) remain poorly understood. Here, Ogasawara and Ueda propose an intriguing mechanism whereby ABCA1, a membrane protein, moves cholesterol from the inner to the outer leaflet of the PM to keep the cholesterol away from intracellular Aster proteins that move cholesterol to the ER. When cholesterol builds up beyond a threshold, it accumulates on the inner leaflet and is transported to ER by Asters. If strengthened by the analysis of the endogenous ABCA1 and more physiological cholesterol manipulation, this work will be of significant interest to scientists studying lipid metabolism and transport.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 and Reviewer #2 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

Eckstein and colleagues take a within-participant approach to answer two critical questions in the field of human reinforcement learning: to what extent do estimated computational model parameters generalize across different tasks and can their meaning be interpreted in the same way in different task contexts? The authors find that inferred parameters show moderate to little generalizability across tasks, and that their interpretation strongly depends on task context. Support for these claims could be further strengthened through additional simulations and by providing greater methodological detail.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #2 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This manuscript will be of interest to cell and developmental biologists and neuroscientists. It addresses the question of how the number of connecting neurons in a circuit is matched whilst maintaining topography. It shows that non-autonomous control of neuronal number involves a relay mechanism through two distinct glial cell types, enabling the specification of distinct neuronal classes.

This manuscript was co-submitted with: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.21.481306v1

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

In this elegant genetic study, Bailon-Zambrano and colleagues draw on classical genetic concepts to address the clinically pertinent question of how genetic variants in the same gene can yield wildly different phenotypes in different individuals. From their case study they conclude that a major contributor is variation in paralog expression. The question addressed is of great interest to evolutionary and developmental biologists in general and to those studying the evolution of developmental mechanisms in particular.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript.The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

Beginning with transcriptome data, Rhodes et al. identify a new family of peptides with signalling function called CTNIP in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. They use an elegant biochemical capture approach to pinpoint the SERK-dependent LRR receptor kinase HSL3 as the only receptor for these peptides. They provide convincing genetic and biochemical evidence that HSL3 binds CTNIP and that CTNIP perception triggers HSL3-dependent cytoplasmic calcium influx, ROS production and transcriptional changes. Furthermore, they provide initial evidence that the CTNIP-HSL3 module may participate in regulating root growth.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

Wang and colleagues report that the expression of Piezo1 (an ion channel and mechanical sensor) is upregulated on dendritic cells (DC) under conditions of inflammation/high environmental stiffness resulting in DC activation, maturation, and skewing in DC functional polarity and metabolism. They show that Piezo1 knockout results in faster tumor progression and accumulation of more regulatory T cells, and that Smad3 and STAT4 are involved in DC-mediated differentiation of Th1 and Treg. Overall this represents a mechanistic advance in our understanding of DC biology as it relates to cancer and other human pathologies.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 and Reviewer #3 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This is a useful study employing a well-established one-pawed reaching/grasping paradigm for fine-motor skill learning to assess if learning is associated with cortical structural changes as assessed by longitudinal MRI measurements in mice. The authors report a non-linear time course of MRI signal changes representing a decrease in grey matter and an increase in white matter volumes in the cerebral cortex and other regions. The authors ascribe these changes to increased myelination, a conclusion that is supported by quantitative immunolabelling for the myelin protein MBP. These results represent an interesting addition to the literature around myelination changes associated with learning/activity (adaptive myelination). Additional histological analysis of changes in myelination would bolster support for the authors' conclusions.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

Cuticles are specialized extracellular matrices that cover the bodies of ecdysozoans, which make up 85% of all animals. How cuticles are formed is very poorly understood, in particular in light of the fact that cuticles are shed and regrown as animals grow. The authors present a comprehensively and carefully curated resource of the components of the pharyngeal cuticle of C. elegans and provide a spatio-temporal framework to understand cuticle assembly. In doing so, the authors propose a function for a large class of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). The significance of this work is high because our understanding of both cuticle formation and of IDPs is poor.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This manuscript reports a striking finding, which should be of interest to cell biologists and biophysicists. The authors use an innovative approach to recruit clathrin to mitochondrial membranes and observe the budding and fission of clathrin-coated vesicles. The study leads to a much clearer view of how the clathrin lattice functions in endocytosis.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

The authors investigated the structure of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) synthase (PRPPS) from Escherichia coli, a highly conserved enzyme from bacteria to mammals that catalyzes the synthesis of a key common compound for several metabolic pathways. Combining structural data with mutagenesis and activity assays, they demonstrate that the enzyme is regulated differently by allosteric effectors when assembled into one filament form or the other. The strength of the manuscript is the high-quality cryo-EM data, which allows the reconstruction of two different filament forms bound to different ligands.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This paper uses an impressively rich dataset (obtained and curated by the authors) to compare the structural brain connectomes of many animals spanning 6 taxonomic orders. The approach is innovative and relies on graph theoretical measures to describe the connectivity, which means it can be done without the need to spatially/functionally match the brains. The authors find that there is more variability between than within order. They attribute this effect to changes in local connectivity features, whereas global patterns are preserved. The approach can potentially be a useful way to study phylogeny and brain evolution.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 and Reviewer #3 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This paper presents an exciting new automated package to investigate the hippocampal organization in new ways. As such, this package will be equally interesting for the fundamental basic and clinical neurosciences.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #2 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

The study shows that the LXRbeta - NCOR1 axis restricts the terminal differentiation of Treg cells into effector Tregs. It also suggests that, in addition to an impact on effector Treg differentiation, loss of NCOR1 leads to impaired suppression function in Treg cells. The results may contribute to our understanding of Treg cell differentiation and function.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

There are various ways in which self-fertility has arisen in the fungal kingdom. This study describes a novel form of self-fertility that evolved in a species closely related to the Cryptococcus species causing serious human lung disease, in which sexual development is achieved by self signaling of a cognate pheromone and pheromone receptor pair. Through a combination of high-quality genomic analysis and experimental gene expression and manipulation work, the study adds to our understanding of the evolution and flexibility of fungal breeding systems. This work will be of interest to colleagues studying fungi as well as mating systems in any eukaryote.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

The authors present a study on the cohesion maintenance of E.coli during collective migration in a self-generated gradient. They performed experiments and complemented the study with a predictive model and simulation to understand how bacteria with different phenotype are able to move as a cohesive group and how the individual bacterium defines its own position within the group. Particularly interesting aspects of the study are the use of titration of behavior with chemoreceptor abundance and the use of potential wells to model the attraction of bacteria to the center of their cohesive group. This approach will be of interest to physicists and biologists interested in collective motility and migration.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript.The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

In the present study Pal and colleagues provide evidence that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) inhibits HIV replication and reactivation by a variety of mechanisms including inhibition of NF-kB and and recruitment of the epigenetic silencer, YY1, to the HIV promoter. They further report that H2S helps to maintaining mitochondrial bioenergetics and redox homeostasis and suggest that inclusion of an H2S donor in current ART regimens may help to achieve a functional HIV-1 cure.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This paper will be of interest to scientists who use imaging approaches to study cellular metabolism. It presents a new coarse-grained model for inferring mitochondrial NADH oxidation from NAD(P)H fluorescence lifetime imaging in mouse oocytes. The modeling is thoughtfully and clearly presented, but the validity of some key assumptions of the model and the overall generalizability of the method to other cell types could be strengthened.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #2 and Reviewer #3 agreed to share their names with the authors.)

Update on Omicron. (n.d.). Retrieved April 22, 2022, from https://www.who.int/news/item/28-11-2021-update-on-omicron

Adam Kucharski. (2021, March 11). New summary report on SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants of interest in the UK: https://t.co/hJFljrN22E via @fact_covid https://t.co/43EYkfYzJO [Tweet]. @AdamJKucharski. https://twitter.com/AdamJKucharski/status/1370036245557051401

Sum: The term in itself may be indeed not the best to describe what corporate social responsibility actually accounts for, and thus a change to human social responsibility would be better placed because of what CSR actually encompasses.

Very good, pithy summary. Worth 100 words.

The first half was good enough. But the addition of "and data become available to other DBMS clients" makes it real-world and makes it clear why it (the first part) even matters.

Helen Branswell 🇺🇦 on Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved April 1, 2022, from https://twitter.com/HelenBranswell/status/1478835175580741633

A "requires clause" is a precondition declaring the sub-set of input values that are not restricted by the type on which the function is defined (e.g. x >= 0, if x : int)

The "return clause" is a postcondition declaring what is the result of the function; including domain-specific properties of the result (e.g. accuracy of approximative operations).

Some people have this idea that if your sick, it's ok if you die because you are probably not living anyway.

She is pointing out that "Hey, I'm sick but I don't look sick".

Comments made by Media, and Health Officials was minimizing the COVID-19 deaths and illnesses because most or some of those affected were older or had comorbidities.

What was being said in the New and Media were not matching up with what Dr. Bernstein was seeing and experiencing with her patients. COVID-19 wasn't over, and it wasn't mild, and it was a big deal.

This article focuses on the concept of "mental" and what exactly mental disorders are. This can be considered habits that become reflexes or something that is learned or even a condition that is not "outgrown" from childhood. Not all reactions are voluntary and the idea of the "mind" can not be boiled down to a single explanation since the science is continually changing. Terminology is not understood across the board because scientist, especially across different fields, cannot agree on a single definition. Because habits can be learned though training, there is a possibly for them to be unlearned over a period of time - this is where the importance of a therapist, psychiatrist, counsoler, or psychopathologist comes into paly.

read her book

BOOKS ABOUT DRAGIN/SCIENCE FICTION/LANET PERN .

Summary of evaluation: The eight white clergymen who wrote this letter to civil rights leaders missed an opportunity by not using the Rogerian structure. Classical oration left their audience feeling not heard and not understood. This combined with only first-hand qualitative evidence and several insulting logical fallacies makes for a letter just asking for Martin Luther King's scathing response.

This is show that discrimination not just in one place, it's everywhere like the Army, Air Force and Navy for example.

They are talking about how them feel when they get discriminated and what they believe.

• why we need ControlValueAccessor
• how it's used inside Auglar
• how to wrap a 3rd widget into an Angular component and
• setup communication with a parent component using the standard input/output mechanism
• how to implement ControlValueAccessor that introducs a new communication mechanism specifically for Augular forms

Quant study that examines the concentration of community power on the success of urban renewal projects.

Planners considering social equity, the economy and nature in sustainable development plans have the opportunity to add other dimensions to the mix.

Prior to Campbell and the sustainable development paradigm, planning was about improving sanitation and improving determinants of health in communities.

Article examines Campbell's seminal article's affect on research paradigms on planning and notes that the planners as well as planning researchers have a long way to go in order to put into balance the triad of social, economic, and ecological concerns in order to achieve true sustainable development.

Data Discovery/Status Report

Click Here for full report

Summary of datasets and Open Science materials associated with article:

• 15 Protocols
• 27 Datasets
• 16 Code
• 13 Reagents/Materials/Lab Resources

18 Tabular Data Dataset(s)

• 15 "Tabular Data"
• 2 "Assay"
• 1 "Fluorometry"

5 Image Dataset(s)

• 1 "Image"
• 3 "Microscopy"
• 1 "Photography"

4 Genetic Data Dataset(s)

• 2 "Sequence Alignment"
• 2 "High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing"

Nick Holliman. (2021, May 30). @anthonybmasters @d_spiegel A quick visual summary of data on this week’s article by @anthonybmasters & @d_spiegel The outlook is uncertain, although we have survived a variant once already (B.1.1.7). The data on the effect of variants is analysed as fast as it (reliably) arrives. Https://t.co/vOKmCxYMGT https://t.co/3ZeJJTdRs3 [Tweet]. @binocularity. https://twitter.com/binocularity/status/1398957348492918784

ReconfigBehSci. (2020, December 7). Science of Behavioral Change Capstone Conference: Celebrating Accomplishments and Looking to the Future Register now for this Feb. 22-23 NIH virtual event https://t.co/tw5QiDuJBB [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1335909129861337088

This is a summary of the Alice's Adventures in Wonderland

COVID research updates: Coronavirus antibodies last for months — if you have them. (2021). Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-00502-w

ReconfigBehSci. (2021, January 19). RT @STWorg: Translations are beginning to roll in. We have the French translation of the policy summary live here: Https://t.co/qdLAaeDvzn… [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1351532508349947905

Quick summaries of SciBeh Virtual Workshop Day 1. (n.d.). HackMD. Retrieved March 7, 2021, from https://hackmd.io/@scibeh/SkyuLWvtw#Session-1-Open-Science-and-Crisis-Knowledge-Management

Meeting Products. (2020, September 16). https://commonfund.nih.gov/sobc-capstonemeeting/registration

https://www.reddit.com/r/BehSciAsk/comments/jkzuig/ideas_for_discussion_how_can_research_interface/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=web2x&context=3

1. Download Office Deployment Tool. Double-click to extract.
2. Generate an XML in Office Customization Tool.
3. Merge it with the unpacked configuration-Office365-x64.xml
4. Run it

.\setup.exe /configure configuration-Office365-x64.xml

Using details/summary for dropdown nav menu without requiring any JavaScript

Path parameters:

• Identify a resource uniquely

Request body:

• Send and receive data via the REST API, often specifically to upload data.
• Needs to adhere to REST API principles to be RESTful. Therefore for POST/PUT, needs to send the whole resource in the body.

Query:

• Mainly used for filtering. If you send a query asking for a large number of resources, use query parameters to filter the set of resources that you want. Example: You send a request to api/pictures/category/cat. You will now get all pictures with cats which could be millions. You can put in the query more specific parameters to clarify your request, such as: api/pictures/category/cat?color=black&breed=korat. Now you will get the subset of pictures of cats which havethe color black and are korat cats.

This is an excellent summary.

.

Rating: 4/10. A guy reviewed 50 frontend designer portfolios on Reddit. Lists the common mistakes and good things.

1. we train enough to get to a good area in the loss function.
2. We have a high learning rate(but not too high) so we can explore our surroundings and stumble upon nearby high performing minima. We periodically save the weights(every x epochs)
3. We average the weights . As a result, the averaged weights will be centered around the loss. See left picture below

The perfect breath is 5.5 seconds of breathing in and 5.5 seconds of breathing out.

Breathing less can increase toleration to lactate accumulation. This is because of increase tolerance to CO2

Breakout Group 02: The evidence above demonstrates the "integration of rural Southern culture into urban African American consciousness" where foodways are a "natural vehicle for the expression…of freedom" because it shows the complication within the black community. Where an expression of freedom is an African American having a grocery store. One would think that the Black owned grocery store would be successful due to "black authenticity" but many Black people feared blacklash from White people for even attempting to be independent but also because many Black people were brainwashed to believe that the white businesses have better quality products over the black owned business.

I assume that's where the name "HyperScript" came from? A portmanteau?

~Group 4~ Anne Meneley is discussing how olive oil is becoming an increasingly more sought after ingredient because of its praise as a natural ingredient. Though olive oil is seen as a traditional and authentic ingredient, due to media, it is an industrialized product and is only widespread because of that- despite the misconceptions to make people think otherwise. There are many reoccuring themes within the article such as distinction, naturalness, processed, and industrialization to name a few. The quote that is highlighted connects to themes because people truly seem to worship this idea of being and living naturally. The idea of being natural also includes eating naturally and there's this distinction between people who live naturally and who don't. People who idolizes this natural lifestyle seem to think they are being authentic when they are failing to realize that transformations and growth are necessary. Meneley seems to want the reader to think about what industrialization and processed foods mean exactly.

In this capitalistic society money makes the world go round. Graeber has a pessimistic view in regards to the idea that family and altruism can balance out greed because he believes that they are in direct conflict to capitalism. Graeber expands further on his thoughts

.

Tuples are a sequence of values which can be of any of any type. The key difference between list and tuple is tuples are immutable.Tuples uses built in function like zip,etc.

Dictionaries are like lists and values in dictionaries can be of any type. Every Value is mapped to an key jointly called as key value pair. Dictionaries have various built in functions like invert,etc. In Dictionaries, global variables can be created which can be accessed in function of the program.

Lists are sequence of values which are mutable. Lists have many built in methods to perform variety of operations like append,sort,expand,etc. Lists can perform many operations with each other in different ways.

Strings are list of characters which are immutable. Strings have many built in methods to perform variety of operations like lower case to upper case,finding of a characters in a string,etc. Strings are comparable with each other in many different ways.

tuples is a sequence of values this can be anytype and they are indexed by integers and tuples are immutable in().operations like addition ,multiplication works on tuples.they can return multiple values. Tuples are immutable which means you cannot update or change the values of tuple elements. An operation that collects multiple arguments into a tuple is known as gather. an operation that makes a sequence behaves like multiple arguments is known as scatter. .And the tuples we cannot modify the values. and we can assign the values to the tuples.

like a strings here lists is a sequence of values in a list that may be any type this values in a list are called elements and list can have different data types Strings are need to be given in single or double codes.And also Strings are immutable which means a string cannot be updated.And another important topic from strings is Slicing of a string which means we can obtain the substring from the given string by following a syntax.

strings is a sequence of characters you can acess the characters at once in bracket opertater ,fruit ='banana' String should be given in single or double codes.Strings are immutable.once we create a string we cannot make any changes in them .We declare strings using square brackets.A segment of a string is called a slice.Many built in functions can be used len(),upper(),lower(),etc.We can use len() function to find length of a string.We can even compare two strings==(equal).The expression in brackets

Tuples are sequence of values. Tuples are immutable. Bracket operator indexes an element,slice,relational operators which work on lists aslo work on tuples. Built-in function divmod takes two arguments and returns a tuple of two values as quotient and remainder. If you have a sequence of values you can use * operator to pass it to asunction as multiplue arguments. Operation that collects multiple arguments into a tuple is known as 'gather'. Operation which makes a sequence behave like multiple arguments is called 'scatter'. Zip is a built-in function in the lists and tuples takes two or more sequences and interleaves them.If the sequences are not of same length, the result has the length of the shorter one. Tuples has built-in funtions sorted and reversed as it does not provide methods like sort an reverse which work as the same.

=>Dictionary is like a list , contains a collection of indices , called keys and their corresponding values. *Mapping : A dictionary represents a route/map from keys to values. The elements of a dictionary are never indexed with integers Python dictionaries use a data structure called a hashtable =>There are 3 ways to count how many times a letter appears and the best way is implementing through dictionaries Dictionaries have a method called "get" that takes a key and a default value. =>Traverses the keys of the dictionary is possible by us ing dictionary in a for statement. =>Lookup : The operation lookup means finding the corresponding value of a key in dictionary i.e., by value v = d[k]. Reverse lookup is nothing but finding the corresponding key of a value. The raise statement causes an exception; in<br> this case it causes a LookupError. You can provide a detailed error message as<br> an optional argument , when you raise an<br> exception. A reverse lookup is much slower than a forward lookup. =>Lists can be values in a dictionary, but they cannot be keys. In the inverted dictionary there are several hits's of having same vales which are in "List" see below example

                *      hist = histogram('parrot')
                          >>> hist
                          {'a' :1,'p':1,'r':2,'t':1,'o':1}
                          >>>inverse = invert_dict(hist)
                          >>>inverse
                          {1:   ['a','p','t','o'],  2:  ['r']}
       **A hash is a function that takes a value and 
          returns an integer.
       **if the keys are mutable, like lists, the dictionary 
          wouldn’t work correctly.

=>A previously computed value that is stored for later use is called a memo. =>If a global variable refers to a mutable value, you can modify the value without declaring the variable: =>There are four types of debugging Scale down the input Check summaries and types Write self-checks Format the output

• A tuple is a sequence of values. The values can be any type, and they are indexed by integers, so in that respect tuples are a lot like lists. The important difference is that tuples are immutable.
• Strictly speaking, a function can only return one value, but if the value is a tuple, the effect is the same as returning multiple values.
• Dictionaries have a method called items that returns a sequence of tuples, where each tuple is a key-value pair.
• zip object:The result of calling a built-in function zip; an object that iterates through a sequence of tuples
• .iterator:An object that can iterate through a sequence, but which does not provide list operators and methods.
• data structure:A collection of related values, often organized in lists, dictionaries, tuples,

• A dictionary is also like a list where in list only one type of variables need to be and in dictionaries there can be almost any type in one set.
• A dictionary contains a collection of indices which are called keys and keep any values.
• In dictionary we use curly brackets and in lists we use square brackets.
• In a dictionary we can use for loop and it traverse the keys of dictionary.
• In a dictionary another name for a ey value is pair.
• Implementation a way of performing a computation.
• HASHTABLE-The algorithm used to implement python dictionaries.

• . list means it is a sequence of values.
• .In a list we can store any type of values not like strings.
• A list can be created easily by storing the values in square brackets.
• We can do different types of operations in list like we can do concatenation.
• List indices work the same way as string indices: 1-any integer expression can be used as an index. 2-if you try to read or write a element that does nt exist,you get an index error.
• List slices ,list are mutable
• in list to delete any type of variables we can use del,pop,remove.
• The association of a variable with an object is called a reference.
• MAP-a processing pattern that traverse a sequence and performs an operation on each element.
• With lists we can perform different types of operations.

• A String is a sequence of character.you can access the character using bracket operator.
• In string the expression in brackets is called index it calculates the character from 0.
• In index we can do operations and if it is not in integer it gives you error.
• Len means it is a built in function that returns the number of characters in the string.
• A lot of computations involve processing a string and while doing it will do from beginning with each and every string.it is known as traversal wit for loop in string.
• String slice means we can divide a word into two and we can do concatenation.
• In string we cannot use some operators we can only use some operators like in, as,etc.
• . String is immutable we cannot change .

1. Strings are not like integers, floats, and booleans.
2. A string is asequence, which means it isan ordered collection of other values.
3. A string is a sequence of characters.
4. len is a built-in function that returns the number of characters in a string.
5. A segment of a string is called aslice.
6. Strings provide methods that perform a variety of useful operations.
7. A method is similarto a function—it takes arguments and returns a value—but the syntax is different.

List List is a collection of values which is ordered and changeable. Allows duplicate members. Nested list is possible ( list containing one more list). They are mutable means no fixed elements.List slices are possible with index numbers (0:2) .Operations used in list -- ' + ' concatenates the list, ' * ' repeats a list a given number of times. Aliasing -- variable's value is assigned to another variable. List methods -- append() , extend() , sort() , map() , split() , etc

Strings A string is a finite sequence an alphabet. Each sub string is called by there index. Strings are immutable which mean they cannot be edited or changed. To access characters in the String, method of slicing is used. Slicing in a String is done by using a Slicing operator (colon,: ). Built in functions -- upper(), lower(), replace(),type(), etc. Operators:+, *, in, not in..etc.Comparison and debugging of strings is possible.

What I have learnt from chapter-10(Lists): List is similar to array. List is a most versatile datatype available in python which can be written as a list of comma-separates values (items) between square brackets. Important thing about a list is that items in a list need not be of the same type. List is a sequence of values like integers , floating numbers , strings, etc called as elements and they are mutable. List methods are append() , extend() , sort() , map() , split() , etc and Operations on lists are ' + '.

What I have learnt from chapter-8(Strings) : Strings are sequence of characters. Strings are immutable. Strings can be accessed by square bracket operator. There are some builtin functions in strings.they are: upper(),lower(),find(),len() etc.. I got to know about applying sequence and comparing string(=,>,<). We can learn indexing and slicing of a string in this chapter.

I have learnt these things about list: Lists are also sequence data types as strings but it can store heterogeneous data. list are also zero index based . List can be traversed using for loop . Lists are mutable unlike strings. Any operations made on lists , modifies it in place. Slicing can also be performed same as strings The plus operator concatenates two lists and comparison operators compares two lists element by element same as strings. Various built in methods of lists such as len,count,sort,append,extend etc are there. split method splits string into list and join method return a string of elements of list. Got to know about aliasing and many more.

LISTS: • Sequence of values just like strings • Values in the list are called elements or items • A list can contain a list within itself and is called nested list • Lists are mutable • In operator can be used in the same way as strings Map: - it’s a function that acts onto each of the elements in a sequence Reduce:-an operation which combines sequence of characters into a single value Filter:-an operation which acts upon few elements of the list ***If two objects are identical they are also equivalent but if they are equivalent, they are not necessarily identical

STRINGS: • Sequence of characters • Index tells us which character in the sequence we want • Index must only be integers or else we will get Type Error • We can use the len() to get the length of the string • We can iterate through the strings in two different ways o for i in range(len(string): print(string[i]) o for i in string: print(i) • The in operator can be used to check whether a substring is present in the given string • Strings can be sliced and is Counterintuitive • Strings are immutable in nature