Class 1, Why Does the Civil War and Reconstruction Have a Hold on American Historical Imagination? by David Blight for [[YaleCourses]]

Im südlichen Teil Brasiliens fvel in diesem Frühjahr in 10 Tagen so viel Regen wie sonst in einem ganzen Jahr. Es handelt sich um die größte klimabedingte Katastrophe im Bundesstaat Rio Grande del Sol der bereits im vergangenen Jahr von zwei großen Überschwemmungen betroffen war. Die extremen Regenfälle, die es so früher in dieser Region nicht gab, werden von Forschenden auf die globale Erhitzung und mit ihr verbundene Klimaphänomene zurückgeführt. Ausführlicher hintergrundartikel im Guardian der sich auf eine Reihe von Studien und Interviews mit Forschenden bezieht. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/article/2024/may/10/brazil-is-reeling-from-catastrophic-floods-what-went-wrong-and-what-does-the-future-hold

Die Bewegung gegen die Autobahn A69, zu der auch Extinction Rebellion gehört, organisiert in einem Ort namens La Crémade eine ZAD (Zone à défendre, zu verteidigende Gebiet). Dazu wurden für den Autobahnbau bereits enteignete Gebäude besetzt, obwohl die Exekutive die Dächer beseitigt und großflächig Mist verstreut hatte, um die Aktivist:innen abzuschrecken. Die Exekutive vertrieb die Protestierenden gewaltsam. Reportage in der Libération. https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/a69-les-gendarmes-mobiles-tentent-de-demanteler-la-zad-des-opposants-20231022_YHXQJTFNOBAMBESFWFPXBWSG7Y/

Will the escalation of protests and reaction by Columbia University’s President, Minouche Shafik cause an ultimate shift in American sentiment because she reacted in the wrong way to quell protests in Spring 2024? Will things escalate as they did in 1968 and spill over into actual change in society and culture?

Why does it seem so apropos that Thanksgiving, a quintessential American holiday, is the product of corporate marketing?

Examples of this to collect in the future, including:

• Civil War monuments
• Pilgrim monument ( National Monument to the Forefathers) 1898 by Hammatt Billings (mentioned in White Trash)
• others...

https://taz.de/Klimaaktivistinnen-in-Italien/!5993078/

https://www.repubblica.it/green-and-blue/2024/03/05/news/tre_attivisti_ultima_generazione_condanna_8_mesi-422257898/

Dana Fisher stell in "Saving Ourselves" dar, weshalb die sich verschärfende Klimakrise zu mehr und radikalen Aktivismus führen wird, und warum die Krise ohne diesen Aktivismus nicht mehr aufzuhalten ist. Sie bezeichnet Extremereignisse, die in den üblichen Abläufen der Umwelt nicht vorkommen, als "climate shocks". Es sei angesichts der Untätigkeit der Politik klar, dass die Zahl dieser Shocks zunehmen und dass sie zu immer mehr sozialen Konflikten führen werden. Die wachsende persönliche Unsicherheit werde die Bereitschaft erhöhen, gegen die Krise aktiv zu werden. Wegen der zunehmenden Katastrophen werde die Klimabewegung immer konfrontativer werden und es werde sich auch eine radikale Flanke herausbilden. https://www.fastcompany.com/91033418/climate-crisis-heating-up-activism

Am 22. Februar hat Michel Forst, Beichterstatter der Vereinten Nationen zur Aarhus-Konvention, die ZAD (zone à défendre) besucht, die zur Verhinderung des Baus der Autobahn A69 zwichen Toulouse und Castres eingerichtet wurde. Die Aktivist:innen haben bei der UNO eine Beschwerde gegen die Repression durch die Behöden eingelegt. Forst forderte eine Beruhigung der Situation, damit „die Umweltdemokratie ausgeübt werden kann“.

https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/climat/un-rapporteur-de-lonu-au-chevet-des-militants-opposes-a-la69-20240222_NDMNZTLG7REL7HFU2WZ5M3AB6A/

Michel Forst, UN-Berichterstatter zur Aarhus-Konvention, hat die europäischen Regierungen aufgefordert, Klima-Aktivist:innen zu unterstützen statt sie zu kriminalisieren. Die zunehmende Repression gefährde das Erreichen der Pariser Klimaziele und Demokratie und Menschenrechte in Europa. Forst erwartet, dass Protest und direkte Aktion zunehmen, weil die aktuelle Politik vieler europäischer Regierungen die wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse zu globaler Erhitzung, Biodiversitätsverlust und Umweltverschmutzung nicht respektiert. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/feb/28/european-nations-must-end-repression-of-peaceful-climate-protest-says-un-expert

Positionspapier von Michel Forst: https://unece.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/UNSR_EnvDefenders_Aarhus_Position_Paper_Civil_Disobedience_EN.pdf

https://www.editorialedomani.it/idee/voci/the-criminalisation-of-environmental-defenders-is-not-an-adequate-response-to-civil-disobedience-ws3u0ha3

Interview mit Michael Frost, dem Berichterstatter der Vereinten Nationen zur Aarhus-Konvention, über die Kriminalisierung von zivilem Ungehorsam. Frost spricht unter anderem über die Legitimierung zivilen Ungehorsams durch internationale Verträge, über die pädagogische Funktion von Strafgerichtshöfen und über die Beeinflussung der Gesellschaft durch Prozesse, die zivilen Ungehorsam nicht oder nur geringfügig bestrafen.https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/climat/en-criminalisant-les-defenseurs-de-lenvironnement-on-criminalise-la-cause-quils-defendent-20230530_7XKAGNYAJFD5TDNMCUD23B65QA/

https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/pourquoi-les-soulevements-de-la-terre-embarrassent-ils-autant-lelysee-et-la-fnsea-20240223_Y3ERKFGYJBC5RIYS7UDMJ6YXD4/

Reportage über die ZAD (Zone à défendre, zu verteidigenden Zone), mit der der Bau der Autobahn A69 von Toulouse nach Castres aufgehalten werden soll. An diesem Wochenende nahm auch Greta Thunberg an den Aktionen teil. Ein Zeltlager von Aktivist:innen ist nur auf Privatgrund erlaubt. Demonstrationen wurden verboten. Baumhäuser würden entlang der geplanten Strecke errichtet. Sehr viele Bäume wurden in den vergangenen Monaten bereits gefällt. https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/opposition-a-la69-dans-le-tarn-greta-thunberg-denonce-un-systeme-toxique-fonde-sur-lexploitation-20240210_V2HTRNV5CRFC7MF73LUQ7AAFLY/

Noël Mamère, der bisher erfolgreichste grüne Präsidentschaftskandidat Frankreichs, und der junge Aktivist Achraf Manar stellen im Interview fest, dass die politische Ökologie im Gegensatz zu den angepassten Teilen der grünen Parteien keinen sanften Übergang" verspricht. Die globale Erhitzung trifft vor allem die Verwundbarsten der Gesellschaft, für die sich die ökologische Bewegung deshalb vor allem engagieren muss. Beide verteidigen den zivilen Ungehorsam und stellen fest, dass die ökologische Bewegung zunehmend zum Sündenbock für die Folgen der Klimakrise gemacht wird. https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/noel-mamere-et-achraf-manar-il-faut-que-celles-et-ceux-qui-subissent-les-crises-soient-au-coeur-des-prises-de-decision-20240209_QYUABTHUTBB3DCL2LXBBKLK4ZI/

our slave owners want to stay in control, because they are control freaks, real fascists.<br /> i guess "the event" will be a blackout, plus civil war vs migrants, so they can declare martial law

Sedena, encargada de regular y dar permisos de venta de pirotecnia en Quintana Roo {Por Esto!}

site:: https://www.poresto.net author:: Luis Enrique Cauich date:: 2023-10-15 url:: https://www.poresto.net/quintana-roo/2023/10/15/sedena-encargada-de-regular-dar-permisos-de-venta-de-pirotecnia-en-quintana-roo-404175.html accessed:: 2023-12-17

https://www.liberation.fr/societe/police-justice/soulevements-de-la-terre-le-conseil-detat-annule-le-decret-de-dissolution-20231109_ZOYSNOKE25D5FPWE4Q2SFMNIOU/

[[Tim Davies]] and [[Alex Howard]] notice the absence of space for civil society orgs and govs to interact during OGP summit, which also means there's no interaction before or after. This reduces the relationships and connections.

https://web.archive.org/web/20231024050406/https://www.timdavies.org.uk/2023/09/10/reflections-on-two-reunions/

Tim on the OGP Summit in Tallinn. Seems to echo the absence of civil society orgs here too. Like what I see in the EU context of the creation of data spaces.

https://web.archive.org/web/20231019053547/https://www.careful.industries/a-thousand-cassandras

"Despite being written 18 months ago, it lays out many of the patterns and behaviours that have led to industry capture of "AI Safety"", co-author Rachel Coldicutt ( et Anna Williams, and Mallory Knodel for Open Society Foundations. )

For Open Society Foundations by 'careful industries' which is a research/consultancy, founded 2019, all UK based. Subscribed 2 authors on M, and blog.

A Thousand Cassandras in Zotero.

The threat of physical violence is silencing those in power even on the right. We're already at war except for the bullets.

Mit drastischen Repressionsmaßnahmen versuchte die Polizei, Proteste gegen die Internationale Automobilausstellung IAAA in München zu unterdrücken. Verdächtig wirkende Personen wurden in der Stadt festgehalten und durchsucht, während der Automobiliindustrie große Flächen als „open spaces“ zur Veerfügung gestellt wurden. Dennoch erregten Proteste und Aktionen große öffentliche Aufmerksamkeit. https://taz.de/Protest-gegen-Automobilausstellung-IAA/!5956556/

• for: W2W, inequality, 1%, oligarch, elites, kleptocrats, civil society - exploitation, TUSN, Transnational Uncivil Society Network
• title: How the kleptocrats and oligarchs hunt civil society groups to the ends of the Earth
• author: Peter Rinko
• comment
  • This article explores the research work of Alexander Cooley, John Heathershaw and Ricard Soares de Oliverira who coauthored the paper

Transnational Uncivil Society Networks: kleptocracy’s global fightback against liberal activism - reference - https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5e5a3052-c693-4991-a7cc-bc2b47134467/download_file?file_format=application%2Fpdf&safe_filename=Cooley_et_al_2023_transnational_uncivil_society.pdf&type_of_work=Journal+article

Drei Monate nach den Konflikten von Saintes Solines stellt die französische Liga für Menschenrechte fest, dass der Innenminister und die Behörden die Situation mutwillig eskaliert und ihrer Pflicht, dass Demonstrationsrecht zu schützen, nicht genügt haben. https://www.liberation.fr/societe/manifestation-a-sainte-soline-la-ligue-des-droits-de-lhomme-denonce-la-falsification-et-les-mensonges-du-gouvernement-20230710_AVREUV74OVHITKGN3HGMEICJ6M/

When will we get the civil disobedience version of Mortimer J. Adler's How to Mark a Book?

What is the current separation of political and civil society in America in 2023? Do the differences in these two (particularly with respect to Antonio Gramsci's framing) still have distinguishing features?

In Frankreich entwickeln Naturfreund:innen neue Organisations- und Aktionsformen zum Schutz der Biodiversität. Sie orientieren sich an der ZAD (zu verteidigen Zone) von Notre-Dame-des-Landes und den Soulèvements de la Terre. Sie finden Verbündete in Arten wie Dohlen und Binden, die die Zerstörung der Natur durch ihre Lebensweise aufhalten oder verhindern können.

Aby Warburg's views on art history and memory may have a lot to say with respect to our cultural movement of destroying and removing Civil War Monuments which glorify the "Lost Cause" of the South in the United States.

Article 9 du code civil

The fact they molested, mutated and killed a goof-off black boy with no bodily strength or power to fight back, just in an effort to "how blacks where they belong" is discusting and horrifying.

The picture of Emmett Till is a valid argument to shut down racism here in the USA.

It's funny how the white men did this to show black boys their place, and instead opened the floodgate to the civil rights moevemnt.

Warner, E. L., Barbati, J. L., Duncan, K. L., Yan, K., & Rains, S. A. (2022). Vaccine misinformation types and properties in Russian troll tweets. Vaccine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.12.040

Relación entre comunidad, información y recursos, donde la diversidad genera valor en lugar de inconvenientes.

Sobre la sociedad civil. Acercamiento sobre las definiciones y posibilidades del concepto.

<small><cite class='h-cite via'>ᔥ <span class='p-author h-card'>Treva B. Lindsey </span> in Abortion has been common in the US since the 18th century -- and debate over it started soon after (<time class='dt-published'>05/18/2022 12:10:32</time>)</cite></small>

some interesting looking references at the bottom

Pugliese, D. (2021, September 27). Military leaders saw pandemic as unique opportunity to test propaganda on Canadians: Report. National Post. https://nationalpost.com/news/national/defence-watch/military-leaders-saw-pandemic-as-unique-opportunity-to-test-propaganda-techniques-on-canadians-forces-report-says/wcm/22733c97-39f0-4ba4-8a26-478af5e215f3

SmartDevelopmentFund [@SmartDevFund]. (2021, November 2). A kit that enables users to disable misinformation: The #DigitalEnquirerKit empowers #journalists, civil society #activists and human rights defenders at the #COVID19 information front-line. Find out more: Http://sdf.d4dhub.eu #smartdevelopmentfund #innovation #Infopowered https://t.co/YZVooirtU9 [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/SmartDevFund/status/1455549507949801472

mdr.de. (n.d.). Wie sich die Zivilgesellschaft in Mitteldeutschland zunehmend gegen die Corona-Proteste stemmt | MDR.DE. Retrieved January 16, 2022, from https://www.mdr.de/nachrichten/deutschland/gesellschaft/corona-proteste-zivilgesellschaft-sachsen-anhalt-thueringen-100.html

Critics of petition against COVID-19 measures say it is grounded in hyperbole and misinformation. (n.d.). Retrieved December 9, 2021, from https://www.canadianlawyermag.com/news/general/critics-of-petition-against-covid-19-measures-say-it-is-grounded-in-hyperbole-and-misinformation/362441

This is the core philosophy behind Stop Reset Go, but NOT NECESSARILY just in the direction of civil disobedience. To invest only in that is to put all our eggs in one basket that top down actors will be pressured beyond a certain threshold. It may happen, it may not, or it may just take too long. We must diversify and also invest in systematized bottom-up efforts.

The example of Joshua Katz brings up the idea of double jeopardy within the social sphere. Is this form of punishment ethical or fair? Also, while those transgressions were held to account by the norms of their day, were there other larger harms (entailing unwritten rules) to humanity that weren't adjudicated at the time which are now coming to the surface as part of a bigger aggregate harm?

It could be seen as related to the idea of reparations. In some sense, aside from the general harms of war—in which they participated—the South and slave holders in particular were never held to account or punished for their crimes against humanity. Though they may have felt as if they were. Where are those harms adjudicated? Because of a quirk of fate and poor politics following the Civil War and not being held to account, have those in the South continued perpetuating many of the same harms they were doing, simply in different guises? When will they be held to account? How would reparations look in the form of a national level of restorative justice?

https://www.sutori.com/en/story/the-civil-rights-movement--L22ZV6HzYkYow6BHdm5EvC3P

Center For Global Development. “Three New Estimates of India’s All-Cause Excess Mortality during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Accessed August 11, 2021. https://cgdev.org/publication/three-new-estimates-indias-all-cause-excess-mortality-during-covid-19-pandemic.

Adjiwanou, V., Alam, N., Alkema, L., Asiki, G., Bawah, A., Béguy, D., Cetorelli, V., Dube, A., Feehan, D., Fisker, A. B., Gage, A., Garcia, J., Gerland, P., Guillot, M., Gupta, A., Haider, M. M., Helleringer, S., Jasseh, M., Kabudula, C., … You, D. (2020). Measuring excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in low- and lower-middle income countries: The need for mobile phone surveys [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/4bu3q

Ohio, you are disgusting. Don't you goddam treat my fellow Americans like that

Laura (irmã que pagou um mês de aluguel). Ela tem o direito de regresso (cobrar da irmã o mês de aluguel). Errei a questão porque pensei que nem esse direito ela teria.

São bens acessórios, previstos no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro: a) Frutos – São bens acessórios que têm sua origem no bem principal, mantendo a integridade desse último, sem a diminuição da sua substância ou quantidade. Os frutos, quanto à origem, podem ser assim classificados: b) Produtos – São os bens acessórios que saem da coisa principal, diminuindo a sua quantidade e substância. Percebe-se que é discutível a condição de acessório dos produtos, eis que são retirados ou destacados da própria coisa principal. Como exemplo, pode ser citada a pepita de ouro retirada de uma mina. c)Pertenças – São bens destinados a servir um outro bem principal, por vontade ou trabalho intelectual do proprietário. Com efeito, prevê o art. 93 do CC inovação importante que “são pertenças os bens que, não constituindo partes integrantes, se destinam, de modo duradouro, ao uso, aoserviço ou ao aformoseamento de outro”. d) Partes Integrantes – De acordo com Maria Helena Diniz, as partes integrantes são os bens acessórios que estão unidos ao bem principal, formando com este último um todo independente. e) Benfeitorias - São os bens acessórios introduzidos em um bem móvel ou imóvel, visando a sua conservação ou melhora da sua utilidade. Enquanto os frutos e produtos decorrem do bem principal, as benfeitorias são nele introduzidas.

Princípio geral do Direito Civil – o bem acessório segue o principal, salvo disposição especial em contrário (acessorium sequeatur principale) – princípio da gravitação jurídica.

espólio - massa falida - herança de determinada pessoa.

pinatcoteca - - bliblioteca - boiada etc

Bens fungíveis - empréstimo - mútuo Bens infungíveis - empréstimo - comodato

imóveis são sempre infungíveis

semoventes - animais por muitas vezes se encquadram nessa categoria ex. Não há dúvidas de que o Código Civil tipificou-os na categoria das coisas e, como tal, são objetos de relações jurídicas,como se depreende da dicção dos arts. 82, 445, § 2.º, 936, 1.444, 1.445 e 1.446.

Small individual communities all making and promoting things can be a powerful thing.

Where have we gone wrong?

I feel like schools should read this book in order to acknowledge how badly African Americans were being treated even after fighting for America.

panzeri, f., Di Paola, S., & Domaneschi, F. (2020, October 30). Does the COVID-19 war metaphor influence reasoning? Socio-political factors mediate the framing effect. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/q5d48

Baum, F., Freeman, T., Musolino, C., Abramovitz, M., Ceukelaire, W. D., Flavel, J., Friel, S., Giugliani, C., Howden-Chapman, P., Huong, N. T., London, L., McKee, M., Popay, J., Serag, H., & Villar, E. (2021). Explaining covid-19 performance: What factors might predict national responses? BMJ, 372, n91. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n91

Arceneaux, K., Bakker, B. N., Hobolt, S. B., & De Vries, C. E. (2020, October 5). Is COVID-19 a Threat to Liberal Democracy?. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/8e4pa

This reminds me of an excellent example I heard recently on Scene on Radio's Men series which tells the story of a rape which occurred several years prior to the bus boycott that helped to rally the community and make the bus boycott far more successful than it would have been without the prior incident and local reportage.

The relevant audio begins (with some background) at approximately 22:40 into the episode.

This reminds me of the beginning of the Civil Rights movement that grew out of the civic glue that arose out of prior work relating to rape cases several years prior.

I recall Zeynep Tufekci writing a bit about some of these tangential ideas in some of her social network writing. (Where's the link to that?)

EaP Civil Society Forum. (n.d.). SoundCloud. Retrieved August 28, 2020, from https://soundcloud.com/eastern-partnership-civil-society-forum

Martin, G., Hanna, E., & Dingwall, R. (2020). Face masks for the public during Covid-19: An appeal for caution in policy [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/uyzxe

Why Most Advertisers Can’t Afford to Boycott Facebook. (2020, July 8). Pro Market. https://promarket.org/2020/07/08/why-most-advertisers-cant-afford-to-boycott-facebook/

Goldstein, A., policy, closeAmy G. covering health-care, politics, other social policy issuesEmailEmailBioBioFollowFollowEmily G. closeEmily G. analyst at T. W. P. specializing in public opinion about, elections, & policy.EmailEmailBioBioFollowFollow, public. (n.d.). Almost one-third of black Americans know someone who died of covid-19, survey shows. Washington Post. Retrieved 26 June 2020, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/almost-one-third-of-black-americans-know-someone-who-died-of-covid-19-survey-shows/2020/06/25/3ec1d4b2-b563-11ea-aca5-ebb63d27e1ff_story.html

Ulysses S. Grant

Dias, N., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2020). Emphasizing publishers does not effectively reduce susceptibility to misinformation on social media. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-001

A obrigação de dar coisa certa confere ao credor simples direito pessoal, e não real, havendo, contudo, no âmbito do direito, medidas destinadas a persuadir o devedor a cumprir a obrigação.

Esto está entre lo difícil y lo bonito del trabajo que se construye día a día. Pero en todo caso consolidar una comunidad alrededor de la bibliteca, ahora, implica pensar la oferta que estas instituciones le entregan a las personas ¿qué les resuelve y qué pasaría si una biblioteca dejara de estar disponible para ellas? ¿es claro lo que esto implica?

Aunque pareciera un asunto alejado de nuestro contexto, ahora con la migración venezolana a Colombia es más evidente la poca capacidad que tienen las personas para atender y entender una crisis de este tipo, aflorando sentimientos de xenofobia, racismo y desconfianza. También con los movimientos sociales que están ocurriendo en el continente es más evidente las posturas y ataques entre simpatizantes de uno u otro partido político.

What does Giroux's "be considerate of others" look and feel like in practice? How is it related to the problematic calls for civility?

Did he get it? Scary thought; program had very little accountability as it was.

This is probably the clearest and most pithy description of a "token curated registry" I have read. And I tried very hard to explain the concept in articles like this one, about Civil.

🔗 Here's the canonical thing on TCRs, by Mike Goldin.

"The Party of Lincoln." (Lincoln's death was only 51 years in the past in 1916.)

Prueba Lohana

Shades of Putnam here - what's the relationship between civic organizations as places which make connection happen (and improve work opportunities for some) and work as the thing which provides the money for civic organizations?

Pell, John, and William Duffy. “Freire in the Agora: Critical Pedagogy and Civil Discourse.” Literacy in Composition Studies 3, no. 1 (March 16, 2015): 95–107.

Éste es el núcleo: el Estado tiene acceso a la información, pero no los ciudadanos. No hay balance o mecanismos apropiados de control. Llaman a este fenómeno "déficit informacional"

21 Dec 2017: Six defendants who were arrested during protests at Trump's inauguration were found not guilty of all charges.

Nevertheless, the Justice Department prosecutors still intend to take nearly 200 other defendants to trial.

The abuse is the free speech issue. Kicking Nazis off of Twitter reduces the platform of a small number of people who are using that platform to terrify and silence others. Leaving them on suppresses, in all meaningful terms, the voices of entire classes of female intellectuals, people of color, and any other subgroup the mob decides to turn it spotlight towards when that subgroup gets a little too uppity.

The request from the DOJ demands that DreamHost hand over 1.3 million visitor IP addresses — in addition to contact information, email content, and photos of thousands of people — in an effort to determine who simply visited the website. (Our customer has also been notified of the pending warrant on the account.)

That information could be used to identify any individuals who used this site to exercise and express political speech protected under the Constitution’s First Amendment. That should be enough to set alarm bells off in anyone’s mind.

This may be a front group. Investigate, find additional sources, and leave research notes in the comments.

This may be a front group. Investigate, find additional sources, and leave research notes in the comments.

This may be a front group. Investigate, find additional sources, and leave research notes in the comments.

This may be a front group. Investigate, find additional sources, and leave research notes in the comments.

This may be a front group. Investigate, find additional sources, and leave research notes in the comments.

This may be a front group. Investigate, find additional sources, and leave research notes in the comments.

This may be a front group. Investigate, find additional sources, and leave research notes in the comments.

This may be a front group. Investigate, find additional sources, and leave research notes in the comments.

This may be a front group. Investigate, find additional sources, and leave research notes in the comments.

Rainey died inside that shower. He was found crumpled on the floor. When his body was pulled out, nurses said there were burns on 90 percent of his body. A nurse said his body temperature was too high to register with a thermometer. And his skin fell off at the touch.

But in an unconscionable decision, Miami-Dade State Attorney Katherine Fernandez Rundle's office announced Friday that the four guards who oversaw what amounted to a medieval-era boiling will not be charged with a crime.