• Core Finding:
  • Research led by Stanford Medicine reveals that the human brain consists of two distinct organs that evolved separately and were physically brought together over evolutionary time, rather than a single unified organ.
• Dual Developmental Pathways:
  • Disproves the long-standing belief that the entire brain emerges from a single shared progenitor cell.
  • During gastrulation, the forebrain/midbrain and hindbrain develop along parallel, mutually exclusive tracks that never overlap.
  • Progenitor cells expressing the Otx2 gene give rise to the forebrain and midbrain (handling consciousness, abstract thought, and language).
  • Progenitor cells expressing the Gbx2 gene form the hindbrain (regulating vital autonomic functions including respiration, heart rate, swallowing, and hunger).
  • Fundamentally distinct chromatin (epigenetic packaging) configurations permanently commit each progenitor lineage to its respective identity early on.
• Stem Cell Culture Breakthrough:
  • Clarifies why past attempts to culture hindbrain neurons failed: scientists were attempting to convert forebrain/midbrain progenitors into hindbrain fates, which is biologically impossible.
  • Researchers successfully directed human pluripotent stem cells to generate authentic, electrically active hindbrain motor neurons in vitro.
• Evolutionary Scope:
  • Traced across 550+ million years of evolution, this dual-origin architecture is shared across vertebrates and ancient lineages like zebrafish, chickens, acorn worms, and jellyfish.
• Medical & Clinical Implications:
  • Enables first-time laboratory disease modeling for fatal brain stem and motor neuron disorders, specifically Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA).
  • Provides a foundation for investigating hindbrain hunger circuits linked to obesity treatments.

• Study Overview & Core Finding:

  • Researchers from Binghamton University investigated how hippocampal reactivation changes across the lifespan, publishing findings in Cerebral Cortex.
  • Rather than simple memory fading or forgetting, aging brains experience "category-level misbinding," actively retrieving and stitching together pieces of unrelated experiences into blended memories.

• Experimental Setup:

  • Participants aged 18 to 74 were divided into younger (18–30), middle-aged (50–60), and older (61–74) cohorts.
  • Subjects memorized associations between faces and either objects or scenes, underwent rest periods, and completed a recognition test inside an fMRI scanner to capture hippocampal neural activity patterns.

• Key Scan & Behavioral Results:

  • Accuracy dropped sharply after young adulthood, with middle-aged and older adults performing similarly rather than following a gradual, linear decline.
  • In younger adults, high pattern similarity between learning and recall predicted accurate, selective memory retrieval.
  • In older adults, high pattern similarity predicted cross-category errors (e.g., misremembering a face as having been paired with an entire category like a scene instead of an object).

• Ruled-Out Factors & Implications:

  • The shift toward blended memories was not accounted for by hippocampal volume shrinkage, baseline neural organization, or attention filtering deficits.
  • Memory decline in older age is characterized less by a lack of storage capacity and more by a loss of retrieval precision—acting like a wide brush rather than a scalpel.

Hacker News Discussion

• Storage Capacity vs. Hash Collisions:

  • Commenters debated whether blending memories is an intrinsic biological decay or simply the brain reaching capacity after decades of accumulated data.
  • Some drew analogies to hash tables without overflow mechanisms, where high load factors inevitably lead to key collisions and false recall.

• Critique of Computer & Von Neumann Analogies:

  • Multiple participants pushed back against computational storage metaphors, noting the brain lacks a Von Neumann bottleneck and does not store static records in isolated memory registers.
  • Discussants emphasized that biological engrams are highly distributed, non-stationary, and dynamically reconstructed rather than retrieved verbatim from a fixed address.

• Dynamic Systems & Representational Drift:

  • The discussion explored enactive cognition and "representational drift," where neural responses to identical stimuli naturally shift over time.
  • Commenters framed learning as tuning a dynamical, resonant controller (or reservoir computer) maintaining homeostasis rather than writing static data to a disk.

• Circadian & Physiological Influence:

  • Neurobiology-focused commenters highlighted the overlap between molecular timekeeping mechanisms and synaptic plasticity.
  • Intrinsic cellular clocks and sleep replay were noted as critical orchestrators of how and when memory traces are integrated and consolidated.

这是一个极为罕见的「自用即背书」案例：YC总裁用自己的工具管理14万+页面、2.4万+人际关系和5千+公司数据，并真正在生产环境中运行了66个定时任务。与多数开源项目「demo-first」的惯例不同，GBrain是「production-first」——这使得其设计决策具有更强的可信度，也意味着边缘案例已在真实负载下被发现和修复。

「搜索给你原始页面，GBrain给你答案」——这句话精准定义了当前AI知识管理工具的核心缺口：检索能力已经过剩，但综合推理、图谱遍历和知识缺口分析几乎从未被整合到一个系统中。大多数RAG工具止步于「把最相关的文档块丢给LLM」，GBrain的差异化在于它将整个推理流程封装为基础设施层而非应用层。

The 'brain from the machine' separation is a non-obvious architectural decision — it means the AI model runs separately from the environment it's operating in, enabling proper permission scoping and security boundaries. The list of required infrastructure (VMs, snapshots, scoped secrets, video testing) reveals that building an async agent product is far more of a DevOps challenge than an AI challenge.

购买力平价调整后，OpenAI/Anthropic 给初级研究员的薪资仍是 DeepSeek 的两倍——这意味着顶尖人才流向美国不仅是文化和机会问题，还是冷冰冰的经济计算。中国 AI 公司在人才争夺上面临的不只是算力差距，还有薪资结构性劣势。「绝大多数赴美中国 AI 研究员选择留下」这一事实，从这里得到了最朴素的解释。

Publications overview of prof [[Margriet Sitskoorn c]] currently at Tilburg Uni, prof cognitive neuropsychology.

some papers about the brain and impact of poverty.

[[Het 50+ brein by Margriet Sitskoorn]] 2019

Margriet Sitskoorn, heeft ook een boek uitgebracht hierover voor 50+

source? stimuli <> K and that's a very big diff: 4 orders of magnitude.

where is this from?

This 1968 paper(!) posits the importance of spatial memory in information use / design.

https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.5090190315

Spatial Memory George Miller Psychology and information in Zotero

for - planaria tail regenerates head - not all information is contained in the brain

for - anthropocene - signalling - intrabrain - interbrain - SRG comment - individual / collective gestalt - SRG comment - how information flows from one brain to another - networked language!

for - anthropocene - novel entities - nano particles - micro plastic - crossing blood-brain barrier - unkjnown effects

Vgl brain continuously predicting/projecting, not observing out of efficiency. Predictive coding.

• A new study from Cambridge scientists identifies five distinct ages or structural eras of the human brain throughout the average lifespan.
• Four major brain development turning points occur around the ages of 9, 32, 66, and 83 years.
• These eras represent different phases of neural network organization, integration, and segregation, correlating with key cognitive, behavioral, and mental health outcomes.
• The first stage, from birth to about 9 years, involves decreasing global integration and increasing local segregation in the brain's networks.
• The second stage, spanning ages 9 to 32, labeled "adolescence," shows increasing network integration and efficiency and is when "adult mode" of brain wiring begins.
• From 32 to 66 years ("adulthood"), there is a transition to decreased integration but increased segregation.
• The study sheds light on why adolescence may last until the early 30s and how brain efficiency and topology change across life.
• Understanding these phases may inform about critical periods for cognitive development and age-related cognitive decline.

Hacker News Discussion

• The discussion briefly mentions socioeconomic impacts, noting that median income almost doubles between ages 23 and 35, which aligns with the brain development "adult mode" onset around early 30s.
• Other comments are limited and fragmented, mostly consisting of quick reactions and some contextual mentions without deep analysis of the study.
• There is a general acknowledgment of the relevance of the study's findings for understanding cognitive and life milestone transitions, but no extended debate or critique.

• New research suggests the human brain is preconfigured with structured electrical activity patterns even before sensory experiences begin.
• UC Santa Cruz scientists used brain organoids—3D models of human brain tissue grown from stem cells—to study early brain electrical activity.
• The brain's earliest neuron firings occur in complex patterns similar to the brain’s default mode, indicating an intrinsic, genetically encoded blueprint.
• These early patterns emerge without any external sensory input, showing the brain has an inherent operating system for navigating and interacting with the world.
• Organoids offer a unique way to study brain development and developmental disorders ethically, bypassing the inaccessibility of the fetal brain in the womb.
• Understanding these patterns could aid in diagnosing and treating neurodevelopmental disorders and assessing the impact of toxins like pesticides and microplastics.
• This research opens possibilities for developing new therapies including compounds, drug treatments, and gene editing that can be tested at the preclinical level in human tissue.

Hacker News Comments

• Many commenters found the innate, prewired nature of some animal behaviors fascinating, citing examples such as foals standing immediately after birth and Labradors instinctively swimming.
• Discussion touched on the distinction between precocial and non-precocial animals, and how some behaviors are genetically encoded versus learned quickly after birth.
• Several comments highlighted the mystery of how relatively limited DNA information can encode complex brain functions and behaviors.
• Some pointed out that brains may encode useful priors or inductive biases that enable efficient learning from the environment.
• There was curiosity about how innate programming and environmental learning interact, with some suggesting innate neural groups form first and then acquire functions through interaction.
• Others weighed in on philosophy versus empirical science in understanding brain development, emphasizing the complexity and that much remains unknown.
• Additional remarks described how genetic, epigenetic, and external factors collectively shape brain development and behavior.

These combined perspectives underscore excitement about the new findings and the broader implications for neuroscience, genetics, and understanding innate versus learned behaviors in humans and animals.

• Tajemnicza substancja BDNF: Kluczowym elementem chroniącym mózg jest BDNF (neurotroficzny czynnik pochodzenia mózgowego), białko działające jak „naturalny nawóz” dla komórek nerwowych [00:00:55]–[00:01:13].
• Wytwarzanie nowych komórek: BDNF stymuluje powstawanie nowych komórek nerwowych i połączeń, zwiększając sprawność umysłową, pojemność pamięci i odporność na zmiany neurodegeneracyjne [00:00:24].
• Mniejsze ryzyko demencji: Wyższy poziom BDNF we krwi wiąże się z aż o 51% mniejszym ryzykiem rozwoju demencji i o 54% mniejszym ryzykiem choroby Alzheimera [00:01:30].
• Osoby szczególnie potrzebujące BDNF: Na podniesieniu poziomu BDNF mogą skorzystać osoby starsze, osoby po udarze mózgu (gdzie poziom spada o ok. 55%) [00:02:14], osoby z depresją [00:02:54], cukrzycą (w kontekście neuropatii) [00:03:30], żyjące w ciągłym stresie [00:05:12] oraz z nadwagą/otyłością [00:05:48].
• Czynniki obniżające BDNF: Negatywny wpływ na poziom BDNF ma przewlekły stres (poprzez kortyzol) [00:05:21] oraz alkohol (niezależnie od dawki) [00:06:33].
• Co podnosi BDNF (Dieta i Suplementacja):
  • Ser pleśniowy (np. Brie, Camembert, 30 g dziennie) [00:07:35].
  • Produkty bogate w kwas alfa-linolenowy (olej lniany, nasiona lnu, orzechy włoskie, nasiona chia) [00:08:00].
  • Kwasy tłuszczowe Omega-3 (tłuste ryby: łosoś, śledź, sardynki, makrela) [00:08:34].
  • Kurkumina (powyżej 500 mg dziennie) [00:08:50].
  • Cynk (30 mg glukonianu cynku dziennie lub z pożywienia: mięso, ryby, podroby, pestki dyni) [00:09:42]–[00:10:06].
  • Probiotyki (mieszanka szczepów Lactobacillus i Bifidobacterium) [00:10:25].
  • Dieta ketogeniczna (w badaniu po 3 tygodniach poziom BDNF był wyższy o 47%) [00:11:12].
  • Borówki, kakao i gorzka czekolada (badania na zwierzętach) [00:11:46].
• Co podnosi BDNF (Aktywność):
  • Ruch i ćwiczenia fizyczne (spacery, bieganie, siłownia, 3-4 razy w tygodniu, łącznie min. 2,5 godz. tygodniowo) [00:11:54]–[00:12:21].

for - BEing journey - medical - portable brain and body scan

for - youtube - neuroscience - How the brain remembers and imagines - Donna Rose Addis - memory and imagination have the same basis

summary - Donna Rose Addis is a pioneer in a field that connects past memories to future imagination - Her research has demonstrated that the same brain region, the Default Mode Network is responsible for simulations of past memories as well as future imagination - It is theorirized that episodic memory is reactivated and reorganized for creating future simulations

for - book - More Everything Forever - Adam Becker - from - Youtube - Essentia Foundation - interview - Alex Gomez-Marin - Neuroscientist speaks out on the hidden war on consciousness - https://hyp.is/ile8TIvJEfCl35MW3f5B8Q/www.youtube.com/watch?v=K7NIicE_h9w

Summary - Interesting adjacency with another video I've been watching, that focused on a Western monk's practice of Tibetan Buddhism, who after 12 years, entered a 4 year retreat and panicked - His demons emerged in the first 2 years of the retreat and he left but returned - This monk emphasized accepting the relationship with his demons instead of averting them and how craving and desire emphasized by Western civilllization is the cause of modernity's meaning crisis - to - Youtube - Diary of a CEO - Your brain is lying to you - Interview - Gerong Tupton - https://hyp.is/go?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DvIbLQQ1i56Y&group=world

for - quote / key insight - consciousness has created the brain as an icon to describe how it's creating this headset - Donald Hoffman

for - adjacency - brain - identity - immune system - immune system involved with identity at a microscopic level - which molecule is part of "you"? - which moleculev is NOT part of you - immune system preceded neural system

? - maybe there is similarity between neural processing and immune system response?

for - question - how do dumb cells give rise to a smart brain?

for - adjacency - brain - learned from ancient cells (the body) - ion channels - gap junctions - ancient bacterial biofilms - the brain is built upon these and they are ancient and found in all cells, developed billions of years ago in bacterial biofilms

for -example - information stored outside brain - Michael Levin - plenaria decapitation experiment

for - interview - Youtube - channel: Brain Inspired - Episode: BI 186 Mazviita Chirmuuta: The Brain Abstracted - 2024, Mar - to - book - Brain Abstracted https://hyp.is/Pk3pylG9EfCJA-ent0tk-g/watermark.silverchair.com/book_9780262378628.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAygwggMkBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggMVMIIDEQIBADCCAwoGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMix-FIpy8sXHtTbl9AgEQgIIC20RZIlS1yaYHB2ymjcscJUN46IGDRankNDC3fCPGeuff7MJ6ZcjlCyNRQpGDkd5wZ1HO6ekLFmAxDsOGnaz_3SLpDgkqXGRWVLn7Y1cDpcZ3TQV_nQBTX4Fcj3iYzdmqq2kFoxlqaPOts563eydXLxsCIa7S8FbSBhqdvQgCg1lk0QBImp-SyWKLV5scbXV0FaAbRJmJeFCUKfANHsGfnSVzKvDWx77_lTh__SzxgxAqC74SKR4361Fy2I287u5plBQJwOXqbypumMnJIg_wiTzmhit6OLZhfoXMd84w5sYsCl7gnicPcWi48HzbqxD6WQyIjfNJRG2fBxJTMfq5ORFRVB7Cyfj0qhHG_9y0bxlsF9H5xNbRHyBfpttmxiPpikfi5y2j2FSu4PF4qtzQME_wtqJepiy_6cIA8PHX117aCQRHW2o4BJYq1WkERZcQta7-mNR8vDFUwV0dV3wDJazXVVG3sHhxjR1AyI8edOrM_00Og8-HUCtsNuzv_Swks1T3QsYMgwkCSX6u8RIPUbSEbzfcOXLN_KQy23lRf_zmCjRaj9EyxOPul9t0qADWkhwxlnlZ477xtPz7ePqYfCTLId5aMdSYHVBw-aYL874blz4mbgz-BXpjfni0pNpeAePVVQWRC16k6xpDHtyOpVix4nb8-SazTQuQEKRBLQgmmf76Z_oVmAtuG_Cnex0cM8G-GATTlL7hq_v7E0X5UQfnLli1tu7KHI9qY68ymaSKZXHhII5u3rQ6z7XtJxLDsEAEc9LiMRb-pC7ssE_BI6C37_6G1SvZBp0A3FKjIJ57tjM6Oku3mmvoCLDBs7DxoGMPn-EWEwDXBwGQXYOfkVUC66K-qRXp7hG8YCtztv_4CL5HxynskORGznC1y0B0IvBxCVHkWgMuBKgLOPOTzzMZVU32XZVdXy_WdKuw02k6nUhbMvH0TOvKZv1QLWypzMU0HlWuPbGttUX6

for - from - Youtube - Brain Inspired - interview - Brain Abstracted - https://hyp.is/3XW2ct8mEe-Fj79NfLEaZQ/www.youtube.com/watch?v=NwNHW4otoJQ

Review coordinated by Life Science Editors Foundation Reviewed by: Dr. Angela Andersen, Life Science Editors Foundation & Life Science Editors. Potential Conflicts of Interest: None.

PUNCHLINE: Neural differentiation during early human brain development is accompanied by precise and dynamic expression of tRNA-derived fragments (tDRs), revealing a new regulatory layer shaped by tRNA cleavage, modification, and sequence features.

BACKGROUND: tRNA-derived fragments (tDRs), once considered byproducts of degradation, are now recognized as functional regulators implicated in diverse biological contexts—from metabolic diseases to cancer and neurovascular pathology. For instance, tDR tRF-3001a promotes neurovascular dysfunction in diabetic retinopathy via miRNA-like regulation, CAT1 tDR stabilizes NOTCH2 to drive tumorigenesis, and tRF-Val-CAC-024 tDR enhances glycolysis and metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma. These studies show tDRs can modulate gene expression, protein interactions, and cellular phenotypes. Despite increasing recognition of tDRs in pathology, their roles in normal human development—particularly neurodevelopment—remain poorly understood. This study addresses this gap by profiling tDR expression in human cerebral cortex organoids to explore how tRNA processing and modifications contribute to the emergence of neural cell identity.

QUESTIONS ADDRESSED: Do tRNA-derived fragments exhibit neural-specific expression patterns during early human brain development?

What tRNA features (isotypes, sequences, modifications) are associated with tDR enrichment in neural versus stem-like states?

SUMMARY: By applying ARM-seq (AlkB-facilitated RNA methylation sequencing) to cerebral organoids at progressive stages of cortical development, the authors mapped a dynamic landscape of tDRs. They identified 3′ tDRs from specific tRNA isotypes (e.g., Ala, Gly, Arg, SeC) that are selectively enriched in neurons, while 5′ tDRs dominate in earlier stem-like states. These neural-specific tDRs display conserved sequence motifs, modified nucleotides (e.g., m²²G26, m¹I37), and structured read coverage profiles, suggesting regulated processing rather than stochastic degradation. Clustering analyses revealed distinct tDR expression programs correlated with neural identity and modification signatures. These findings suggest that tRNA processing contributes to the RNA-based regulatory repertoire of human neurodevelopment.

KEY RESULTS

Cerebral Organoids Model Human Neurodevelopment The authors validated their organoid model using immunostaining and small RNA profiles, confirming progression from stem cells to radial glia and cortical neurons over a 70-day differentiation period. Neural markers and expected small RNAs (e.g., miR-9, SNORD115) were enriched at late time points.

tDR Profiles Are Dynamic and Isoform-Specific ARM-seq uncovered widespread and dynamic changes in tDRs across development. Notably, 3′ tDRs from Ala, Gly, and SeC tRNAs increase during neurogenesis, while 5′ tDRs from His, Thr, and Glu decrease. These changes were isodecoder-specific and often involved switch-like transitions in dominant fragment types.

Neural-Specific tDRs Have Unique Structural Features tDRs enriched in neural samples shared conserved cleavage patterns and modifications. Neural-specific fragments clustered together in UMAP space and showed enrichment for motifs associated with known RNA -modifying enzymes (e.g., TRMT1, PUS3). Sequence conservation at key cleavage sites (e.g., position 40) suggested modified processing routes.

tDR Clusters Reflect Functional States tDRs grouped into neural-favored, stem-favored, and neutral clusters based on read coverage, modification profiles, and sequence context. These clusters were dominated by specific tRNA isotypes, reinforcing a link between tDR origin and cell state.

STRENGTHS: First map of neural-specific tDRs in human brain development using an organoid model and optimized small RNA sequencing.

Combines tRNA modifications and sequence features to explain stage-specific tDR generation.

Leverages ARM-seq with AlkB treatment to overcome known biases in modified tRNA sequencing.

Provides mechanistic hypotheses about how sequence motifs and modifications guide selective tDR biogenesis.

Connects developmental RNA processing to emerging roles of tDRs in disease and physiology, as shown in tRF-3001a, CAT1, and tRF-Val-CAC-024 studies.

FUTURE WORK: What are the specific targets and functions of neural-enriched tDRs?

Do RNA modification enzymes like TRMT1 or PUS3 regulate tDR production during neurodevelopment?

Could dysregulated tDR profiles contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders similar to their roles in diabetic or cancer pathology?

FINAL TAKEAWAY: This study adds a developmental perspective to the expanding field of tRNA fragmentation biology. It identifies a network of neural-specific tDRs that may play regulatory roles during human brain development. It builds on the concept of tDRs as programmed, functional molecules, highlighting a previously unrecognized layer of RNA-based regulation in neural differentiation—laying the foundation for future studies into how tRNA processing contributes to human brain function and disease.

> for - youtube - How a lack of meaning is related to addictions - John Vervaeke - adjacency - meaning crisis - drug crisis - to - https://hyp.is/lbhlkPXjEe-iDwuHl7WbVA/memoirsofanaddictedbrain.com/ - https://youtube.com/@marclewis4311?si=PVIjpKucPaairaa6 - Marc Lewis - John Vervaeke - Youtube - The neuroscience of addiction - Marc Lewis - https://hyp.is/wT54xPXMEe-qats6vf2VqQ/www.youtube.com/watch?v=aOSD9rTVuWc

> for - addiction - recovery - brain model - reconnecting - striatum - motivation to - prefrontal cortex - bridge of the ship

> for - addiction - behavioral addiction - substance addiction - degrades same part of the brain

> for - psychotherapy changes the brain

> for - formation of deep habits change the brain - example - London cab drivers - 20% heavier hippocampus

> for - brain development - synaptic growth and synaptic pruning

Dusan's google scholar profile https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JjcjpNEAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao

Gabriel's google scholar profile https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=Mc00G90AAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=pubdate

TMS is a simulation to determine issues resulting in speecific parts of the brain, and finding which ones.

for - from - MIT Press Direct - The Brain Abstracted: Simplification in the History and Philosophy of Neuroscience - M. Chirimuuta - 2024 - https://hyp.is/oeRL9t8REe-06ZvevM0y8g/direct.mit.edu/books/oa-monograph/5741/The-Brain-AbstractedSimplification-in-the-History - to - interview - Youtube - channel: Brain Inspired - Episode: BI 186 Mazviita Chirmuuta: The Brain Abstracted - 2024, Mar - https://hyp.is/3XW2ct8mEe-Fj79NfLEaZQ/www.youtube.com/watch?v=NwNHW4otoJQ

for - three simplifying strategies

three simplifying strategies - MATHEMATICS / QUANTIFICATION - counting - When you count a series of objects, there is an underlying assumption of a simplification and abstraction of reality that eliminates all the variability that is present in real systems in nature - This is especially true in biology - To count "objects you are making the assumption that the similarities between them are what matters and you can ignore the differences that are usually there - So in applying the most basic ideas of mathematics, counting, we are already making a big assumption that abstracts away a lot of natural variability - statistics - once again, a lot of variability is simply bypassed - - - REDUCTION - studying a part of a living system in isolation of the living system - in vitro instead of - in vivo - We reduce the number of natural variables by restricting to an artificial lab environment - Processes can work well within the non-natural, highly constrained test environment but the results may not match with the same process in the natural environment when all the natural variability is present - ANALOGIES / METAPHORS

for - haptic realism - definition - Mazviita Chirmuuta - SOURCE - interview - Youtube - channel: Brain Inspired - Episode: BI 186 Mazviita Chirmuuta: The Brain Abstracted - 2024, Mar

definition - haptic realism - Mazviita Chirimuuta - While mainstream scientific realism suggests that if a scientific theory is mature and supported by strong empirical evidence, then that scientific representation can be taken as the literal truth of how things exactly are. - In contrast, haptic realism, as the name "haptic" suggests, holds that the observer (human agent) through human touching / sensing of the aspect of nature studied plays an important role in contributing to the scientific representation. - In other words, the observer cannot simply be ignored and scientific truth has a kind of built-in degree of constructivism and relativism that depends on the perspectival frame of the observer - The many processes that occur when scientists are generating their theories creates simplifying models that strip away the complexities of reality but can be characterized by one perspective view - The scientist is situated and has his/her own unique - Lebenswelt (lifeworld), - perspective - instrumentation - narrative - to the observation and theoretical construction of the measured / observed data - But this is only one of many potential constructions - In this sense, haptic realism considers that the "objective" scientific reality is a partnership between - that which is observed - the modality of observing (instrumentation, techniques) - the linguistic words and constructed narratives using those words

for - quote - on haptic realism - there are multiple ways that you can strip away complexity that give you different perspectives on that one same target system - SOURCE - interview - Youtube - channel: Brain Inspired - Episode: BI 186 Mazviita Chirmuuta: The Brain Abstracted - 2024, Mar

for - quote - there is no fundamental objectivity because the scientist is always bringing his or her own interests, perspectives, toolmaking and strategies and these in essence mold their questions that they can answer - SOURCE - interview - Youtube - channel: Brain Inspired - Episode: BI 186 Mazviita Chirmuuta: The Brain Abstracted - 2024, Mar

for - quote - It doesn't mean that science transcends, if you like the human standpoint and we see things with a God's eye view. If that's what we mean by objective then I would say no, it's not objective - SOURCE - interview - Youtube - channel: Brain Inspired - Episode: BI 186 Mazviita Chirmuuta: The Brain Abstracted - 2024, Mar

for - from - Chapter 9 of book - The Brain Abstracted: Simplification in the History and Philosophy of Neuroscience - M. Chirimuuta - 2024 - https://hyp.is/Ne0vsN8TEe-0gKfJ_-CHFQ/watermark.silverchair.com/c008400_9780262378628.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAA1AwggNMBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggM9MIIDOQIBADCCAzIGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMQiuxj5ADRMKA_9kUAgEQgIIDA4n2hqWRY4iDrmrcDrCx6YjsLiXeoqGBMrezs_kymEj3y1Jqh_UlW5WfGUNhBfTC5IpUGikuqBzjC9_UepW_n-SIy8wOnvMB8W08sihzohH-Dzof0oothB7tfYDAZJe04dVrYtUetmqDpi53kj_LaU6h3UNR9ZZpc8KFqtL_0IGhnMT8wvJiknRHbD-SXDTiVAFAzRGKqckrbrrm4KDfIjCpbBRa1QaRVoTIgo0Kwp4J8Mb9KNA0czcYDBkL4vjLBNZY-a0VdIJlYAzbyHeLOtugVKGmq1Lfu8K1zMNEi6HMthJDxRx9Kmv3Jbgy0hi7_dcwkURYj4VuBDU24DihiwMlXYgkl3uAop9jwd-fvlbExhBUD_FoR4kmq4iegAr62meXal4dvA2BwJIv_zISyqP3ez4LEZZpGp1r3OCq1bK4r-ono7w0h3VOCkBXq2BWUy4lb2Norec7yGcWxYLf3bvMJyxxRVKjcpV4us6IlDg6bLE5a2YCp9uh8vdZC_YjH-bkHUnxIapqN4D1iCvRUhtG9mvlnx4PBPZPUSTKEf9AxvVOp2nST27YGVUbKU8Qq6J6y5hD7vhTqx9-YjinBxOw2FH_hVL1ZgDSpO-glVzORMJRI1WYUz_w7Kfc3eG3OBVB6amY7_FULAqhtICn_N1Xao-hAFAkfIEk0MMQd0XkGIMtsRKUL_5Rhzw_kGnHMnWFCCVdlt1LKGvkDqo_0kxYB1aKEUiykx8nsmZOksso2VCRTXBhBMcsrDmOpBM4zKPpbi0qfRwPEJmQ2JkhNoVFhSJvdmJ8yoAd4ZH6i--LohA_TCmrD-wE6hjCDrmm9VbwYqyLXslzulCS_9IQBG9k_jMZ5doqutYbJs6UrpWHcYqKeT0HKbzPWGp3uMmDTvs-YUyUkmwTxH7GTlaNC5eUJ64sQt7-GhcqbPq30Pe5tLvX2ztPyln1uiuH9GBY_RiXWR2JMmYz46Kue3Iu35mJCKpfNWTO-z41USYMNMMjlB0jgsUGT0BzedInF9UvZ31M9Q - to - pdf of book - The Brain Abstracted: Simplification in the History and Philosophy of Neuroscience - M. Chirimuuta - 2024

for - from - MIT Press Direct - The Brain Abstracted: Simplification in the History and Philosophy of Neuroscience - M. Chirimuuta - 2024 - https://hyp.is/oeRL9t8REe-06ZvevM0y8g/direct.mit.edu/books/oa-monograph/5741/The-Brain-AbstractedSimplification-in-the-History - to - interview - Youtube - channel: Brain Inspired - Episode: BI 186 Mazviita Chirmuuta: The Brain Abstracted - 2024, Mar - https://hyp.is/3XW2ct8mEe-Fj79NfLEaZQ/www.youtube.com/watch?v=NwNHW4otoJQ

for - from - search - Google - fallacy of misplaced concreteness - search results of interest - 2025, Jan 30 - https://hyp.is/oeRL9t8REe-06ZvevM0y8g/direct.mit.edu/books/oa-monograph/5741/The-Brain-AbstractedSimplification-in-the-History - to - The Brain Abstracted: Simplification in the History and Philosophy of Neuroscience - M. Chirimuuta - 2024 - https://hyp.is/oeRL9t8REe-06ZvevM0y8g/direct.mit.edu/books/oa-monograph/5741/The-Brain-AbstractedSimplification-in-the-History

for - Youtube - book review - Reviewing "The Brain Abstracted - Simplification in the History and Philosophy of Neuroscience" - M. Chirimuuta - Youtube channel: Philosophy of Psychiatric Diagnoses - 2025 Jan 23

for - implications of book "The Brain Abstracted" for neurodiversity - SOURCE - Youtube - book review - Reviewing "The Brain Abstracted - Simplification in the History and Philosophy of Neuroscience" - M. Chirimuuta - Youtube channel: Philosophy of Psychiatric Diagnoses - 2025 Jan 23

for - article - Emory University Arts on the Brain - Sensory Illusions: The Brain and Misperception - Jorge Naveira, 2020, May 7

for - research study - language - children learning mother tongue use a different post off the brain then adults learning another language - from TED Talk - YouTube - A word game to convey any language - Ajit Narayanan

for - similar to - - Daniel Kahnaman's system 1 fast, instinctive, emotional and system 2 slow, deliberative, logical is similar to - Ian McGilhirist's left brain, right brain

for - wellbeing - mental illness - drug treatment vs brain changes from mindfulness practices - adjacency - Youtube - Tukdam talk - An Overview Of CHM’s Work On “Well-Being And Tukdam” - Prof. Richard J. Davidson

for - meditation - training the mind - scientific measurable effects on wellbeing - brain and body functions - Youtube - Tukdam talk - An Overview Of CHM’s Work On “Well-Being And Tukdam” - Prof. Richard J. Davidson

for - fetal brain research - very serious mental illnesses in adults can be traced to mental illness that begins in utero in the womb - Prenatal and Perinatal Healing Happens in Layers - Kate White

for - fetal brain research - help with how a parent is feeling influences neural development of a child later on - Youtube - Prenatal and Perinatal Healing Happens in Layers - Kate White

for - question - the brain believes what it imagines - clarify - John Churchill

Chapeau! Een Belgische website kaart dit aan in de context gezond leven.

for - recognizing true nature - validation of conceptual approach - brain is the bouncer for the heart - Bernardo Kastrup

for - neuroscience - ideation depends on three different brain functions and brain areas - concentration - prioritization - and drifting away

neuroscience - ideation depends on three different brain functions and brain areas - concentration<br /> - frontal area of brain - prioritization and - deep inner part of the brain - drifting away - back part of the brain

for - neuroscience - optimal working environment - varies with brain state - different phases during the day - engagement - inspiration - concentration - communication - relaxation

for - comparison - brain vs machine intelligence

comparison - brain vs machine intelligence - the brain is inferior to machine in many ways - many times slower - much less accurate - network of neurons is mostly isolated in its own local environment, not connected to a global network like the internet - Yet, it is able to perform extraordinary things in spite of that - It is able to create meaning out of sensory inputs - Can we really say that a machine can do this?

for - Henning Beck - neuroscientist - video - youtube - The Brain vs Artificial Intelligence

for - climate crisis - psychology - wrong approach

summary - Climate scientist professor Mojib Latif explores why our best efforts at rapid intervention to deal with the climate crisis are failing - Near the end of the program, he interviews professor Henning Beck, a neuroscientist who suggests that human brains have evolved to be rewarded for securing more. - Dopamine is released when we get more and we have not designed our intervention strategies aligned with this basic property of our brains

DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac049

Resource: (BDSC Cat# 8760,RRID:BDSC_8760)

Curator: @mpairish

SciCrunch record: RRID:BDSC_8760

What is this?

DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac308

Resource: (BDSC Cat# 37749,RRID:BDSC_37749)

Curator: @mpairish

SciCrunch record: RRID:BDSC_37749

What is this?

just like how our brain works

DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac460

Resource: Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center (RRID:SCR_006457)

Curator: @mpairish

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_006457

What is this?

DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab409

Resource: RRID:BDSC_52384

Curator: @olekpark

SciCrunch record: RRID:BDSC_52384

What is this?

makes me think of tools that extend parts of ourselves. terms like "second brain" or "pkms"

DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae078

Resource: Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center (RRID:SCR_006457)

Curator: @bandrow

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_006457

What is this?

DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae018

Resource: (BDSC Cat# 8751,RRID:BDSC_8751)

Curator: @mpairish

SciCrunch record: RRID:BDSC_8751

What is this?

That is why you need a second brain.

Use obsidian.md for notetaking

E.g. <br> Q: How is Cato the Younger stoic? <br> E: He chose to commit s*icide instead of surrendering to Caesar.<br> C: Cato the Younger is disciplined and follows his principles. He'd rather die than live a degraded life <br>

Note: I may not be right,

https://coda.io/blog/about-coda/introducing-coda-brain

DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac136

Resource: Rat Resource and Research Center (RRID:SCR_002044)

Curator: @Naa003

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_002044

What is this?

Illusion

It's crazy how the roots of almost every problem of ours can be found in how we were treat as children.

The same happens when you make atomic notes in Roam or Obsidian, where you can link things. Non-linear note-taking

2:11:00 Cognitive revolution for knowledge workers: a shift in how we perceive and treat our brains in relation to knowledge work

48:00 Huberman asking about how the phone is almost like an extension of us

https://forum.eastgate.com/t/tinderbox-meetup-video-saturday-june-10-2023-a-discussion-with-jerry-michalski-on-the-brain-and-tinderbox/6720

Tinderbox Meetup 2023-06-10 featuring Jerry Michalski and The Brain

https://www.braneframe.com/

The ZK is a simple system. It isn't't a Second Brain. Nor is it GTD. Nor all the other things that people sometimes use it for. I have held this opinion for a while, and it is reassuring that Chris holds the same opinion.

for - dream theory - dreaming as default state of brain

• Dreaming can be seen as the "default" position for the activated brain
• when it is not forced to focus on
  • physical and
  • social reality by
    • (1) external stimuli and
    • (2) the self system that reminds us of
      • who we are,
      • where we are, and
      • what the tasks are
    • that face us.

Question - I wonder what evolutionary advantage dreaming would bestow to the first dreaming organisms? - why would a brain evolve to have a default behaviour with no outside connection? - Survival is dependent on processing outside information. There seems to be a contradiction here - I wonder what opinion Michael Levin would have on this theory?

https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/07/world-brain-wells-welles-orwell-and-the-role-of-information-in-society/

https://leanpub.com/analogbrain/c/I9hqZbLpOxa9

via https://www.reddit.com/r/antinet/comments/18ufpsr/booklet_about_analog_zk/ from u/Natural_Grocery4786 aka Juan M. Ferrera

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Brain

H. G. Wells and the "World Brain" or "World Encyclopedia" : History of Information by Jeremy Norman

This sounds a lot like Vannevar Bush's Memex, n'cest pas?

Wells, H. G. “The Idea of a World Encyclopedia.” Harper’s Magazine, April 1937. https://harpers.org/archive/1937/04/the-idea-of-a-world-encyclopedia/.

• for: AI, Anirban Bandyopadhyay, brain gel, AI - gel computer

• title: A general-purpose organic gel computer that learns by itself

• author
  • Anirban Bandyopadhyay
  • Pathik Sahoo
  • et al.
• date: Dec. 6, 2023
• publication: IOPScience

• DOI: 10.1088/2634-4386/ad0fec

• ABSTRACT

  • To build energy minimized superstructures, self-assembling molecules explore astronomical options, colliding ∼10 to 9th power molecules s to power−1. -Thusfar, no computer has used it fully to optimize choices and execute advanced computational theories only by synthesizing supramolecules.
  • To realize it,
    • first, we remotely re-wrote the problem in a language that supramolecular synthesis comprehends.
    • Then, all-chemical neural network synthesizes one helical nanowire for one periodic event. These nanowires self-assemble into gel fibers mapping intricate relations between periodic events in any-data-type,
    • the output is read instantly from optical hologram.
    • Problem-wise, self-assembling layers or neural network depth is optimized to chemically simulate theories discovering invariants for learning.
    • Subsequently, synthesis alone solves classification, feature learning problems instantly with single shot training.
    • Reusable gel begins general-purpose computing that would chemically invent suitable models for problem-specific unsupervised learning. Irrespective of complexity,
      • keeping fixed computing time and power, gel promises a toxic-hardware-free world.

We have now reached peak zettelkasten-I-just-don't-know-what-the-definition-even-is-anymore. And this is a Substack focused on productivity.

The definition of zettelkasten here is the lowest possible version.

It's (falsely, I think) described as "popularized by Ryan Holiday" who has a form of practice, but doesn't describe it as zettelkasten. (Has he ever used the word on his blog? There's one throw away mention to it and Luhmann #, Google doesn't find any others.)

Then as a cherry on top, he presents a mélange of methods as a Hybrid PKM system.

Poker chip example really well explained at the Reality Distortion Kit at the stanford lecture

Example of the tables

Creating a "signpost user interface" can help to uncover directions to take in digital contexts as out of sight is out of mind. Having things sit in your way within one's note taking workflow can remind them to either link things, or move in particular directions for discovering new avenues of thought.

Example: it would be interesting if Jerry's The Brain would have links directly to material in Flancian's Agora to remind him to search or find relevant material there. This could help with combinatorial creativity with inputs from others, though it needs to be narrow so as not to result in rabbit holes which draw away attention.

Link to: https://hypothes.is/a/iQvo7l1zEe6dZ5_9d9rrVw

Jerry Michalski says that The Brain provides him with a "neighborhood perspective" of ideas when he reduces the external link number for his graph down to 1.

This is similar to Nicholas Luhmann's zettelkasten which provided neighborhoods of related notes based on distance from any particular note.

Also similar to oral cultures who relied on movement through their environment for encoding memories and later remembering them. [I'll use the tag "environmental memory" to track this until a better name comes along.]

https://www.jerrysbrain.com/

Zweitgedächtnis, the German Word for secondary memory, might also have been translated as "second brain" and thus the root of this word in the note taking space.

ref: https://hyp.is/hV9LKm71Eeq9s_f_oWRkEg/takingnotenow.blogspot.com/2007/12/luhmanns-zettelkasten.html

Originally 2021-12-31 at https://hypothes.is/a/3tjzWGqjEeyDSae3OLOEWw

https://medium.com/intelliboosters/is-tiago-fortes-build-a-second-brain-still-relevant-in-the-age-of-chatgpt-b7a7c5e8637c

These articles kill me. They sit at surface level and don't delve any deeper for actual insight. And this is why these techniques are necessary. (BTW, these methods go back thousands of years... Tiago didn't invent them.)

https://a16z.simplecast.com/episodes/a-true-second-brain-xrODaBD2

Recommended by Michael Grossman

Gut influencing behaviour as much as brain

Human gut as second brain — Forte, this is the real “second brain”

They give up on modern society because of their ancestors but then learn to live with the world as is and make it their own. The internal fight between an environmental paradise and the usefulness of modern technology despite the strife. Sometimes it feels like you have a lack of connection to the earth that you live in compared to the technology of your day to day life. Maybe creating a connection to become better in the creation of more technology. Also I feel there is a racial standpoint or a generational trauma standpoint, but I’m tired and I will maybe look at this later if I remember.

• for: quote, quote - Janet Salmons, quote - human cooperative brain networks, indyweb - support
• quote
  • Extreme bad behaviour from governments and private companies – GAFAs [Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon] and the like in China – will create a social and civic innovation to compensate and/or to contribute to an innovation jump. I hope for development of human cooperative brain networks.
• author: Caroline Figueres
  • strategic consultant

https://reasonabledeviations.com/2022/04/18/molecular-notes-part-1/

Maybe come back to read this???

https://forum.eastgate.com/t/tinderbox-meetup-video-saturday-june-10-2023-a-discussion-with-jerry-michalski-on-the-brain-and-tinderbox/6720

• question

• has ANYONE ever experienced consciousness emerging from matter?

• comment

  • what Spira is getting at is that there is a fundamental category confusion
    • deep down, matter is an abstract concept
    • matter is NOT a phenomenological experience
    • from this perspective, a phenomena cannot emerge from a concept
    • in fact a concept ALWAYS emerges from consciousness, not the other way around
    • the claim that consciousness emerges from brains is a fundamental category error that makes an impossible claim
      • that phenomena emerges from a concept

• claim with evidence

  • Consciousness does not become annihilated just because a person has just died
  • Consciousness appears to continue at least in the first period the early period of death the first minutes or hours after death
  • Explanation
    • death is a biological process
    • when you stop blood flow to brain cells they undergo certain changes and will eventually become damaged
    • however the first thing that happens is that you stop oxygen delivery to the areas inside the core of the brain that modulate your sense of being awake and alert
    • the reticulate activating system various other parts and so it's very similar to the effect of giving a general anesthetics to somebody
    • if you give a high enough dose of general anesthetic to a patient or person then you basically shut down those areas of the brain
    • the person's consciousness looks like it's lost
    • it flips out of sight but we wouldn't say that person's Consciousness has become annihilated forever
    • we just realize it's gone temporarily and so when people first die what's happening is that oxygen is stopping to those parts of the brain and it's essentially taking Consciousness out of you and making it disappear but it doesn't necessarily disappear Forever

• comment

  • could this be the reason in Tibetan Buddhism, there is the Thukdam meditation practice as well as dream yoga practice?

• comment
  • look for any research on this from the Russian scientists at the Human Brain Institute in St. Petersberg

Found this webpage for a 3D brain model when someone (maybe frymatic?) mentioned a region of the brain I was having trouble imagining.