- Apr 2019
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mp.weixin.qq.com mp.weixin.qq.com果壳4
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要保持谦逊：兼容性评估的前提是用于计算区间的统计假设是正确的
應翻為確認統計假設的正確性。這點看出他們的立論基於估計的參數，而非實在的科學理論。統計假設是科學理論推理的延伸，只用推理合乎有效的邏輯形式，有效結果與無效結果都會是科學理論的證據。
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在给定假设的情况下，区间内数值与研究数据的兼容性并不完全相同
原文“not all values inside are equally compatible with the data, given the assumptions. ” 這裡的assumption是指估計的參數，還是科學理論對現實狀況的預測，並沒有明確說明。如果是估計的參數，Amrhein等人也許將P(D|theta)當成P(theta)。
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我们看到了大量具有“统计学显著性”的结果；而不具有“统计学显著性”的结果则被显著低估
豈止低估。不顯著的研究結果經常被鎖起來不見天日。
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在置信区间包含风险显著增高的情况下，仅因为结果不具有统计学显著性就推论药物与房颤发生“无关”十分可笑；据此就认为前后两项研究矛盾——即便风险比完全一致——同样非常荒谬。这些常见情况表明我们依赖的统计学显著性阈值有可能误导我们。
Amrhein 等人以此例子顯示confidence interval能突顯不一致的研究之間，評估要測量的效應其實一致的資訊。
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- Mar 2019
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medium.economist.com medium.economist.com
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At The Economist, we take data visualisation seriously. Every week we publish around 40 charts across print, the website and our apps. With every single one, we try our best to visualise the numbers accurately and in a way that best supports the story. But sometimes we get it wrong. We can do better in future if we learn from our mistakes — and other people may be able to learn from them, too.
This is, factually and literally speaking, laudable in the extreme.
Anybody can make mistakes; the best one can do is to admit that one does, and publicly learn from them - if one is a magazine. This is beauteously done.
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www.nature.com www.nature.com
- Jan 2019
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inst-fs-iad-prod.inscloudgate.net inst-fs-iad-prod.inscloudgate.net
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the strongest first factor accounted for 86.3% of observed variable variance
I suspect that this factor was so strong because it consisted of only four observed variables, and three of them were written measures of verbal content. All of the verbal cariables correlated r = .72 to .89. Even the "non-verbal" variable (numerical ability) correlates r = .72 to .81 with the other three variables (Rehna & Hanif, 2017, p. 25). Given these strong correlations, a very strong first factor is almost inevitable.
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The weakest first factor accounted for 18.3% of variance
This factor may be weak because the sample consists of Sudanese gifted children, which may have restricted the range of correlations in the dataset.
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- Dec 2018
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www.anthropic-principle.com www.anthropic-principle.com
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The Doomsday argument
The Doomsday argument (DA) is a probabilistic argument that claims to predict the number of future members of the human species given only an estimate of the total number of humans born so far. Simply put, it says that supposing that all humans are born in a random order, chances are that any one human is born roughly in the middle.
From Wikipedia, Doomsday argument
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- Nov 2018
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www.coursera.org www.coursera.org
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Basic Statistics
part of specialization
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www.insidehighered.com www.insidehighered.com
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Online Options Give Adults Access, but Outcomes Lag
In this article, drivers that increase and improve online learning success in adults are explored. State by state data along with federal stats contribute to the conclusions presented.
Roughly 13% of all undergraduates are full-time online students and between 2012 and 2017 online students grew y 11 percent, about 2.25 million. The article presents a map showing state by state stats and the information provided can assist in growing individual school needs.
RATING: 4/5 (rating based upon a score system 1 to 5, 1= lowest 5=highest in terms of content, veracity, easiness of use etc.)
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- Sep 2018
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stackoverflow.com stackoverflow.com
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Double-centering a matrix M
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stats.stackexchange.com stats.stackexchange.com
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Relationship between ridge regression and PCA regression
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Local file Local file
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Lack of metrics
Develop or strengthen statistical information of new industry developments, ups and downs of existing industries.
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LDLC workers and their needs
Develop or strengthen statistics regarding LDLC workers and their needs
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www.statisticssolutions.com www.statisticssolutions.com
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predictive analysis
Predictive analytics encompasses a variety of statistical techniques from data mining, predictive modelling, and machine learning, that analyze current and historical facts to make predictions about future or otherwise unknown events.
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- Apr 2018
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www.madinamerica.com www.madinamerica.com
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Excellent example of badly used statistics.
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- Mar 2018
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www.r-bloggers.com www.r-bloggers.com
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Boxplots and Beyond – Part II: Asymmetry
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eurekastatistics.com eurekastatistics.com
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Using the Median Absolute Deviation to Find Outliers
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Power analysis and sample size estimation for RNA-Seq differential expression
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Polyester: simulating RNA-seq datasets with differential transcript expression
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- Feb 2018
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hypothes.is hypothes.is
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My daughter will be brought up to understand her true value. That’s a promise. As for all the little girls to be born around the world, the creation of these ads is an effort to show how imagination can change the conversation around their lives.
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achri.blogspot.com achri.blogspot.com
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Combining data from multiple RNASeq experiments: release the Kruskal! (...Wallis test)
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- Jan 2018
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www.laurenbcollister.com www.laurenbcollister.com
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ThiswasthenumberofpagesbeingsearchedbyGooglewhenwewereputtingthebooktogether.HavealookatthefigurepublishedonthebottomoftheGooglehomepagetoseewhatitisnow.
This cute service is no longer supported. However, at the end of 2016, the estimate was over 130 trillion pages.
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- Dec 2017
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www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com
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Neural correlates of interspecies perspective taking in the post-mortem Atlantic Salmon: an argument for multiple comparisons correction
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royalsocietypublishing.org royalsocietypublishing.org
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The natural selection of bad science
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- Nov 2017
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rafalab.github.io rafalab.github.ioharvardx1
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HarvardX Biomedical Data Science Open Online Training
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www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com
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pairwise overlaps using Fisher’s test and mutual exclusion (Leiserson et al., 2016xA weighted exact test for mutually exclusive mutations in cancer. Leiserson, M.D.M., Reyna, M.A., and Raphael, B.J. Bioinformatics. 2016; 32: i736–i745Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (4)See all ReferencesLeiserson et al., 2016)
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Gene Set Enrichment Analysis Made Simple
using aggregate t or chi^2 statistic to test if a set of genes is on aggregate differentially expressed
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- Oct 2017
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www.restore.ac.uk www.restore.ac.uk
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An Introduction to Odds, Odds Ratios and Exponents
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tedunderwood.com tedunderwood.com
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One of the main ways computers are changing the textual humanities is by mediating new connections to social science. The statistical models that help sociologists understand social stratification and social change haven’t in the past contributed much to the humanities, because it’s been difficult to connect quantitative models to the richer, looser sort of evidence provided by written documents.
DH as moving English more toward the statistical...
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- May 2017
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fivethirtyeight.com fivethirtyeight.com
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Analysis of a subreddit for Trump supporters, based on comparisons of the users of various subreddits.
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static1.squarespace.com static1.squarespace.com
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s. If we want to understand the effects of global warming or whether the economy is headed for a recessio
The class on The Rhetorical Situation brought up discussion on the evolving notion of "weather" as a changeable, even rhetorical, thing. Moving to integrate database and narrative as symbionts makes a connection between data and delivery/appeal.
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- Apr 2017
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bangordailynews.com bangordailynews.com
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The annual drop in Maine wood demand since 2014 would fill that imaginary 1,770-mile caravan. The loss equals about 350 fewer truckloads of wood a day, every day of the year.
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- Mar 2017
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bangordailynews.com bangordailynews.com
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The state has pumped more than 100 million pounds of low bush fruit into the frozen market each year for the last three growing cycles.
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A typical acre of blueberry barrens will yield about 2,000 to 4,000 pounds of berries, depending on pollination and other factors.
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tachesdesens.blogspot.com tachesdesens.blogspot.com
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I never regret the eleven months which hardened my resolve, to go beyond 98 'Nos' to get to the precious, unexpected 'Yes's'. I was nobody, I was selling nothing, I could be nobody selling anything.
Numbers
Statistics
Alienation
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- Feb 2017
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static1.squarespace.com static1.squarespace.com
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That two dice marked in the common way will tum up seven, is thrice as probable as that they will tum up eleven, and six times as probable as that they will tum up twelve
D&D has made me embarrassingly good at estimating probable outcomes of platonic die in my head.
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In moral reasoning we ascend from pos-~ibility, by an insensible gradation, to probabil-ity, and thence, in the same manner, to the sum-mit of moral certainty.
I believe Campbell addresses some of the uncertainty of Inductive Reasoning here. The phrase "insensible gradation" seems meaningful--how we go from a possibility to moral certainty is something fundamentally difficult in a manner Hume cannot accept. But Campbell explains in this section many of the difficulties of this, and how it's still useable, for moral judgment.
On the same side, I come back to Bayesian Probabilities, wondering if Campbell knew about them, and how they transfer statistical, mathematical knowledge towards determining if a hypothesis is true. Once again, I'm hesitant that I'll exceed my grasp of stats if I talk to much about it, though.
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The course of nature will be the same tomorrow that it is today; or, the future will resemble the past"
Apparently, this is a surprisingly successful rationale for meteorology. If you just assume "tomorrow's weather will resemble today's," you'll end up more right than not, and can actually beat some meteorologists. Then again, Jim Flowers and the KMTV Accu-Weather Forecast might have just been terrible.
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- Oct 2016
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www.businessinsider.com www.businessinsider.com
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With figures like those, it's clear that the education system isn't going away anytime soon.
How so?
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- Sep 2016
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www.thelocal.se www.thelocal.se
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According to the language periodical Språktidningen, ‘hen’ was by 2014 used once in the Swedish media for every 300 used of ‘hon’ or ‘han’, up from one in every 13,000 in 2011
Increasing rate of usage of hen vs. hon or han: 1/13,000 in 2011; 1/300 in 2014.
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- May 2016
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www.propublica.org www.propublica.org
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the algorithm was somewhat more accurate than a coin flip
In machine learning it's also important to evaluate not just against random, but against how well other methods (e.g. parole boards) do. That kind of analysis would be nice to see.
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medium.com medium.com
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A study of housing cost in San Francisco from the 1950s to 2016.
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- Mar 2016
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amstat.tandfonline.com amstat.tandfonline.com
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American Statistical Association statement on p-values
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- Feb 2016
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3,068 adults in August 2014, found that 72 percent of Americans reported feeling stressed about money at least some of the time during the past month. Twenty-two percent said that they experienced extreme stress about money during the past month (an 8, 9 or 10 on a 10-point scale, where 1 is “little or no stress” and 10 is “a great deal of stress”). For the majority of Americans (64 percent), money is a somewhat or very significant source of stress, but especially for parents and younger adults (77 percent of parents, 75 percent of millennials [18 to 35 years old] and 76 percent of Gen Xers [36 to 49 years old]).
Along the lines of the first paragraph except putting some percentages into it. Almost three quarters of Americans (out of a 3,000 person survey) feels some kind of "extreme stress about money" each month, the majority coming from parents, adults and young adults (18-35). I'll incorporate this into my paper by using statistics to show how money is a huge reason for stress in adults.
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bangordailynews.com bangordailynews.com
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He expects that the logging project near Quimby’s land will likely generate about $755,250 at the state’s average sale price, $50.35 per cord of wood. The land has about 1,500 harvestable acres that contain about 30 cords of wood per acre, or 45,000 cords, but only about a third of that will be cut because the land is environmentally sensitive, Denico said. The Bureau of Parks and Lands expects to generate about $6.6 million in revenue this year selling about 130,000 cords of wood from its lots, Denico said. Last year, the bureau generated about $7 million harvesting about 139,000 cords of wood. The Legislature allows the cutting of about 160,000 cords of wood on state land annually, although the LePage administration has sought to increase that amount.
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www.psychologytoday.com www.psychologytoday.com
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From 1926 until the early 1950s, US military aircraft relied on a "one size fits all" design based on average measurements of hundreds of male pilots.
But a 1950 study by Lt. Gilbert Daniels showed that out of 4,063 airmen, not even one was average in all ten measurements. They started designing cockpits and controls to be adjustable. Accidents decreased, and pilot performance increased.
Standardized education makes the same mistake.
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The science of the individual relies on dynamic systems theory rather than group statistics. Its research methodology is characterized by “analyze, then aggregate” (analyze each subject separately, then combine individual patterns into collective understanding) rather than “aggregate, then analyze” (derive group statistics based on aggregate data, then use these statistics to evaluate and understand individuals).
A mathematical psychologist at Penn State University, Molenaar extended ergodic theory (link is external) to prove that it was not mathematically permissible to use assessment instruments based on group averages to evaluate individuals.
A Manifesto on Psychology as Idiographic Science, Peter Molenaar
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leanpub.com leanpub.com
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Books on data science and R programming by Roger D. Peng of Johns Hopkins.
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blog.cloudera.com blog.cloudera.com
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Great explanation of 15 common probability distributions: Bernouli, Uniform, Binomial, Geometric, Negative Binomial, Exponential, Weibull, Hypergeometric, Poisson, Normal, Log Normal, Student's t, Chi-Squared, Gamma, Beta.
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- Jan 2016
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courses.csail.mit.edu courses.csail.mit.edu
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50 Years of Data Science, David Donoho<br> 2015, 41 pages
This paper reviews some ingredients of the current "Data Science moment", including recent commentary about data science in the popular media, and about how/whether Data Science is really di fferent from Statistics.
The now-contemplated fi eld of Data Science amounts to a superset of the fi elds of statistics and machine learning which adds some technology for 'scaling up' to 'big data'.
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blogs.scientificamerican.com blogs.scientificamerican.com
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P(B|E) = P(B) X P(E|B) / P(E), with P standing for probability, B for belief and E for evidence. P(B) is the probability that B is true, and P(E) is the probability that E is true. P(B|E) means the probability of B if E is true, and P(E|B) is the probability of E if B is true.
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The probability that a belief is true given new evidence equals the probability that the belief is true regardless of that evidence times the probability that the evidence is true given that the belief is true divided by the probability that the evidence is true regardless of whether the belief is true. Got that?
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Initial belief plus new evidence = new and improved belief.
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This criterion is not based on any specific shape of the dose-response relationship.
I would expect that the relationship must be monotonic to support the causal hypothesis.
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phys.org phys.org
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paradox of unanimity - Unanimous or nearly unanimous agreement doesn't always indicate the correct answer. If agreement is unlikely, it indicates a problem with the system.
Witnesses who only saw a suspect for a moment are not likely to be able to pick them out of a lineup accurately. If several witnesses all pick the same suspect, you should be suspicious that bias is at work. Perhaps these witnesses were cherry-picked, or they were somehow encouraged to choose a particular suspect.
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rpy2.readthedocs.org rpy2.readthedocs.org
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Python interface to the R programming language.<br> Use R functions and packages from Python.<br> https://pypi.python.org/pypi/rpy2
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- Oct 2015
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cms.whittier.edu cms.whittier.edu
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In 1930 its population was 112,000. Today it is 36,000. The halcyon talk of “interracial living” is dead. The neighborhood is 92 percent black. Its homicide rate is 45 per 100,000—triple the rate of the city as a whole. The infant-mortality rate is 14 per 1,000—more than twice the national average.
These are some intense statistics.. It'd be interesting to compare them to other cities in the area..
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- Aug 2015
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www.vox.com www.vox.com
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What's really being measured is heterogeneity of opinion, not centrism.
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- Jul 2015
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www.eblida.org www.eblida.org
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European Bureau of Libraries in Europe Public libraries- statistics
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localhost:8080 localhost:8080
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analyses
another, with tag
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- Feb 2015
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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The use of the term n − 1 is called Bessel's correction, and it is also used in sample covariance and the sample standard deviation (the square root of variance)
Why in \(\sigma^2\) is not equal to \(s^2\)
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Sample variance can also be applied to the estimation of the variance of a continuous distribution from a sample of that distribution.
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www.emathzone.com www.emathzone.com
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Suppose the value of for wages is 10% and the values of for kilograms of meat is 25%. This means that the wages of workers are consistent. Their wages are close to the overall average of their wages. But the families consume meat in quite different quantities. Some families use very small quantities of meat and some others use large quantities of meat. We say that there is greater variation in their consumption of meat. The observations about the quantity of meat are more dispersed or more variant.
Interpretation of Relative Deviation Coefficient
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- Nov 2013
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cran.r-project.org cran.r-project.org
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n its space-time representation (Ogata, 1998), the ETASmodel is a temporal marked point process model, and a special case of marked Hawks process, withconditional intensity function(t;x;yjHt) =(x;y) +Xti<tk(mi)g(tti)f(xxi;yyijmi)
Testing out PDF annotation that also include LaTeX rendered formulas.
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www.plosone.org www.plosone.org
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two cadavers
why two? For comparative purposes? Limited sample size?
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- Sep 2013
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rhetoric.eserver.org rhetoric.eserver.org
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Hence the man who makes a good guess at truth is likely to make a good guess at probabilities
At first, I didn't like this quote, then I thought back to good ol' Oakley's stats class. We make scientific theories based on what idea is most likely to happen (we reject/do not reject the null hypothesis, but we do not say we accept the null hypothesis). Science: putting me in my place since I had a place to be put.
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