https://enb.iisd.org/baku-un-climate-change-conference-cop29-daily-report-21nov2024?utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=ENB%20Update%20-%2022%20November%202024&utm_content=ENB%20Update%20-%2022%20November%202024+CID_101e5e432c1275bb2b530a99204aa7a7&utm_source=cm&utm_term=Read%20the%20daily%20report

Consciousness HAS to adapt to the environment

for - book - Over the Seawall - Steven Robert Miller

book - Over the Seawall - Steven Robert Miller - A book about PROGRESS TRAPS! - How climate adaptation measures can lead to progress traps, such as - lead to a sense of complacency and false security - leading to overdevelopment - leading to even more people vulnerable to climate and extreme weather events

for - question - climate adaptation - resiliency - how do we prepare for potential collapse?

question - climate adaptation - how do we prepare for potential collapse? - How do we prepare? - preparation needs to take place at national, community and individual / family level - Resiliency will depend on how ill prepared we are at each of these levels - How do we prepare for: - high levels of suffering - ill-intentioned opportunists who are ready to exploit the chaos?

Die französische Regierung plant die Anpassung an eine Temperatursteigerung um 4° bis zum Ende des Jahrhunderts. Die Libération gibt einen Überblick darüber, wie Frankreich dann aussehen wird.

Die französischen Obstbauern müssen ihre Produktion an die globale Erhitzung anpassen. Im Süden werden zunehmend Mandeln, Pistazien und Cashewnüsse angebaut. Dabei muss verhindert werden, dass durch zu viel industrielle Landwirtschaft die Ökosysteme weiter geschädigt werden. Der Agroökonom Serge Zaka fordert ein stärkeres Engagement des Staats bei der Umstellung und weist darauf hin, dass jetzt Entscheidungen getroffen werden, die die "weltweite Geopolitik der Ernährung" 2050 bestimmen werden.

https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/climat/changement-climatique-pour-larboriculture-lavenir-se-joue-maintenant-20230831_AEJ42FWLRZEKNJAB4TJU2JBUFI/

Untersuchungen zeigen, dass die COP28 mit dem Emissions Peak für Treibhausgase zusammenfallen könnte. Um das 1,5°-Ziel zu erreichen, müssten allerdings die Emissionen bis 2030 um die Hälfte sinken. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2023/nov/29/cop28-what-could-climate-conference-achieve

Frankreich stellt großen Unternehmen Darlehen in Höhe von 2 Milliarden Euro für die Klimaanpassung zur Verfügung. Öffentliche Unternehmen müssen bei Bauprojekten ein Anpassungskonzept vorlegen. Ein Anpassungskonzept wird auch von allen großen, für die Infrastruktur relevanten öffentlichen Unternehmen verlangt. "Die Klimaerwärmung und die Unglücke, die sich daraus ergeben, sind bereits unser Alltag", sagte Wirtschaftsminister Bruno Le Maire. https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/adaptation-au-changement-climatique-letat-va-debloquer-deux-milliards-deuros-de-prets-verts-aux-entreprises-20240208_UI4DU7WYLRD23P3RPTKBTJUW34/

Hochwasser wir die aktuellen in Norddeutschland wurden vorausgesehen. Rechtzeitige langfristige Anpassungsmaßnahmen scheiterten aber an der Bürokratie, wie die TAZ im Kommentar feststellt.

https://taz.de/Hochwasser-in-Niedersachsen/!5981359/

Die Niederlande setzen bereits seit den 90er Jahren gegen Überschwemmungen darauf, die natürlichen Flussläufe mit ihren Überflutungszonrnen wiederherzustellen. https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/climat/inondations-face-aux-crues-les-pays-bas-ont-decide-de-cooperer-avec-la-nature-20240103_ZTCNUBBIMBFHDCKIQDX32AHXSM/

• for: question - adaptation - answer - adaptation, adaptation - ingenuity, endogenous growth, Thomas Homer-Dixon, Cascade Institute

• question: adaptation

  • why do some societies successfully adapt to environmental stresses while others do not?

• answer: adaptation

  • Ingenuity
    • Researchers within societies that are able to adapt effectively are able to deliver ingenuity at the right time and place to prevent environmental problems from causing severe hardship.

• references

  • The ingenuity Gap: Can Poor Countries Adapt to Resource Scarcity (Homer-Dixon & Barbier,1995)?
    • http://www.homerdixon.com/1995/09/01/the-ingenuity-gap-can-poor-countries-adappt-to-resource-scarcity/
  • Resource Scaricity and Innovation: Can Poor Countries Attain Endogenous Growth (Homer-Dixon & Barbier,1999)?
    • http://www.homerdixon.com/1999/03/01/resource-scarcity-and-innovation-can-poor-countries-attain-endogenous-growth/
  • The Ingenuity Gap (2000)
    • http://www.ingenuitygap.com/
  • The Upside of Down (Homer-Dixon, 2006)
    • https://homerdixon.com/writing/books/the-upside-of-down/

Der Deutsche Bundestag hat ein Klimaanpassungsgesetz beschlossen. Es verpflichtet Bun,d Länder und Gemeinden zu vorsorglicher Klimaanpassung und dazu, die Klimaanpassung bei allen Maßnahmen zu berücksichtigen. Noch unklar ist die Finanzierung. https://taz.de/Klimaanpassungsgesetz-im-Bundestag/!5969940/

Die Schere zwischen den nötigen Maßnahmen zur Anpassung an die globale Erhitzung und den dafür zur Verfügung gestellten Mitteln geht weiter auf. Der neue Adaptation Gap Report der Vereinten Nationen stellt fest, dass die Kosten für die Anpassung dramatisch steigen. https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000193529/anpassung-an-klimakrise-hat-sich-verlangsamt-statt-an-fahrt-aufzunehmen

Report: https://www.unep.org/resources/adaptation-gap-report-2023

• for: humans vs other animals, personal experience, personal experience - pets, control vs adaptation, human features, quote, quote - Ruth Gates, quote - humans vs animals, quote - control vs adaptation
• quote
  • . In terms of evolution, animals adapt to their ecological conditions, but as humans, we have been able to control our ecological conditions.
• author: Ruth Gates
• source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJV0Kx7oGxU&t=496s
• comment
  • personal experience
    • her remark made me think about how often I feel this difference with our pets. They adapt to whatever we do. We control our environment by building something. They just adapt to whatever we build.
      • Our pets never build anything, but simply adapt to what we build.

Als Folgen der globalen Erhitzung und des beginnenden El Nińo werden in Südostasien gravierende Probleme bei der Nahrungsmittelversorgung befürchtet. Indien hat den Export fast alle Reissorten bereits untersagt. Die Regenfälle in Indien und Thailand waren in diesem Jahr deutlich zu schwach. Die Reiserträge sinken schon bei relativ kleinen Änderien der Temperaturen. Ausführliche Reportage im Guardian.

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/sep/07/major-disruptor-el-nino-threatens-the-worlds-rice-supplies

In Grönland tritt die Mehrheit der Bevölkerung für die Unabhängigkeit von Dänemark ein. Man sieht Chancen, den Bergbau zu entwickeln, da Grönland über viele Bodenschätze verfügt, die für erneuerbare Energien wichtig sind. Wichtig für das Land ist auch das Abschmelzen des Nordpolareises, durch das neueSschifffahrtsrouten möglich werden. Dänemark fördert die Unabhängigkeit bisher nicht.

https://www.liberation.fr/international/europe/lindependance-du-groenland-un-chemin-de-terres-rares-20230830_543NKUEP3FA2BA464C7HMDQTRY/

In Grönland ist die Bevölkerung gezwungen, sich extrem schnell an die globale Erhitzung anzupassen, die am Polarkreis viermal so schnell verläuft wie im globalen Durchschnitt. Manche Verantwortliche verstehen sich als Pioniere der Klima-Anpssung. Dazu gehören intensive Forschung, Umstellung und Entwicklung von Branchen. Traditionelle Lebensformen wie jahreszeitliches Nomadentum können Vorbildcharakter für andere Regionen haben. Reportage in der Libération.

https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/climat/le-groenland-premier-de-la-glace-de-ladaptation-au-rechauffement-climatique-20230829_WXVWJONAUNBOBPVVK4INZM7XII/

Das Natonale Klima-Anpassungsprogramm, das die britische Regierung in der vergangenen Woche vorgelegt hat, ist nicht nur unzureichend, sondern es ignoriert die Folgen der globalen Erhitzung. Themen wie Kühlung der Innenstädte, Umbau von Gebäuden oder Waldaufbau zum Gewässerschutz werden nicht angegangen. Bill McGuire, emeritierter Professor für Klimafolgen in London, kritisiert die Ignoranz der britischen Regierung im Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/jul/20/government-plan-britain-extreme-heat-society-economy

Das deutsche Bundeskabinett hat den Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Klimaanpassung beschlossen. Das Gesetz verpflichtet Länder und Kommunen, Anpassungsstrategien zu entwickeln. Der Bund selbst muss bis 2024 eine Vorsorgestrategie mit konkreten nachprüfbaren Kennzahlen vorlegen. Die Kosten für die Anpassung bei Bund und Ländern werden bis 2030 auf 55 Milliarden Euro geschätzt. Die Verteilung der Kosten ist noch unklar. Entsiegelungsvorschriften fehlen.

https://taz.de/Gesetz-fuer-Anpassung-an-den-Klimawandel/!5943821/

Hintergrundinformationen zum Pariser Gipfel zur Klimafinanzierung, der in dieser Woche stattfinden wird. Wichtig ist vor allem, ob bei dieser Konferenz tatsächlich Schritte in Richtung auf eine Reform der Finanzierung der Länder des globalen Südens unternommen werden, wozu ein Schuldenerlass und eine Veränderung von Kreditvergabe ebenso gehören wie eine neue Definition der Rollen der Weltbank und des internationalen Währungsfonds.

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jun/17/paris-talks-focus-funding-poor-countries-tackle-climate-crisis

In Paris hat die Stadtverwaltung einen Plan für die Anpassung an die globale Erhitzung bis 2050 vorgelegt. Sie geht davon aus, dass es dann jâhrlich ca drei Wochen extremer Hitze mit Temperaturen bis zu 50 Grad Celsius geben wird. Ziel sei es, von einer "Heizungsstadt" zu einer "Oasenstadt" zu werden. Dazu sollen unter anderem 40% des öffentlichen Raumes entsiegelt werden

https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/climat/pour-sadapter-a-la-chaleur-cet-ete-paris-veut-la-jouer-comme-seville-20230606_VP5JRXBPR5FJBJTJLAMILGIBN4/

Die französische Regierung hat Grundzüge eines Plans für die Anpassung des Landes an eine Temperaturerhöhung von durchschnittlich 4° veröffentlicht. Bisher waren die offiziellen Pläne von der Einhaltung des Pariser Abkommens ausgegangen. Jetzt wird eine globale Temperaturerhöhung von 3° als wahrscheinlich angenommen. https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/climat/climat-le-gouvernement-presente-des-mesures-pour-faire-face-a-un-scenario-plus-pessimiste-a-4-20230521_Y42Z5HYZUJCEBD4EJBK3YR4AJ4/

Die New York Times berichtet über die Folgen der globalen Erhitzung für die Landwirtschaft in Malawi und über zum Teil erfolgreiche Versuche von Bauern dort, die Lebensmittelproduktion trotzdem aufrecht zu erhalten, zum Teil durch Rückgriff auf lange vergessene Nutzpflanzen. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/27/climate/malawi-farmers-agriculture.html

Nach einer Serie von Katastrophen wehrt sich der neuseeländische Umweltminister James Shaw dagegen, Klimaanpassung gegen Klimaschutz auszuspielen. Er fordert die Stärkung von Communities und den Schutz der wirtschaftlich Schwächsten und damit Verwundbarsten.

• example
  • people’s desire for sweet and fatty tasting foods
  • In ancestral times,
    • sugar and fat typically signaled positive nutritional value (Ramirez, 1990).
    • Consequently, people’s sensory systems are designed
    • to detect the presence of sugar or fat in food,
    • and the brain’s gustatory centers produce desirable taste sensations
    • when those foods are consumed.
    • This would have served our ancestors well,
    • facilitating the choice of beneficial and nutritious foods.
  • in modern times
    • Many foods found in post-industrialized societies
    • contain processed sugars, hydrogenated oils, and other additives that enhance the taste of the food
    • without adding any nutritional benefits.
    • Foods laden with corn syrup, for example,
    • typically contain high numbers of calories
    • and their regular consumption can result in obesity, diabetes, and other problems.
  • Thus, the mismatch between
  • the features of ancestral versus modern foodstuffs
  • can lead adaptive sensory mechanisms
  • to produce maladaptive physiological consequences.
  • The desire for sweet and fat foods
  • promotes health problems,
  • even when this desire operates in a perfectly normal manner
  • and would produce health benefits
  • in the environment for which it was designed

• Some of the challenges people face today,
• diverge quite a bit from those
• faced by their ancestors.
• Such divergences can ,- lead adaptive psychological mechanisms to “misfire”
• to respond in ways that might have been adaptive in the past,
• but that no longer produce adaptive consequences today.

• Psychological adaptations have been designed over thousands of generations of human evolution.
• The adaptations humans possess today, then,
• were designed to operate in the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness,
• a composite of the social and physical challenges as they have existed for hundreds of thousands of years (Bowlby, 1969; Cosmides & Tooby, 1992).
• As such, they may or may not be well-adapted
• for life in contemporary society

• Adaptations are designed
• to solve specific adaptive challenges
• that arose in ancestral environments.

• Each of these 4 problems
  • anxiety disorder
  • domestic violence
  • racial prejudice
  • obesity
• reflects the operation of psychological mechanisms
• that were designed through evolution
• to serve important adaptive functions, - but that nevertheless can produce harmful consequences.

• = human being's = altricial nature - is an = evolutionary adaptation
• resulting in exceptional = complex social learning
• tradeoff of helplessness at birth
• is complex social learning
• that enables cumulative cultural evolution

!- applies to : climate change - many are adopting and trying to take a coping strategy instead of one of fundamental change - if coping is the only strategy, it becomes a failing one when whole system change is required

Colonel Wallis is very useful - telling the Elliot's about the first wife earlier and here ensuring Mr Elliot gets the seat by Anne, then distracting Elizabeth to keep her happy. He's been, I think, entirely removed from the adaptations. This the only time we see him in the book

In the 1995 adaptation this interaction is how Anne learns of the engagement

The 2007 adaptation makes this a reality - Captain Wentworth buys Kellynch as a "wedding present". It's a shame because it seems to be closing her prospects rather than opening them as they would be with the possibility of travelling the world with her husband.

In the 1995 adaptation Anne does say this. In reality it would have only made things uncomfortable for her, she is right not to speak. Her father would not understand her meaning and Elizabeth would take offense. Does anyone recall if she expresses this in the other adaptations?

This visit to Lady Russell is, I think, universally left out of adaptations - she goes from home to Uppercross, from Uppercross to Bath

The 1995 movie shows how good the Admiral is with the children - pretending his lap is a rolling sea

The 1995 adaptation does a wonderful scene of this - each character complaining to Anne in turn with their opposite sides of the argument

Bericht über den Auftritt von Simon Tschannett in der ZIb2. In verschiedene Hinsicht sehr interessant, z.B. was Governance, Stadtklimatologie, Boden und die Grenzen der Anpassung angeht.

As climate departure is projected to occur under all IPCC RCP scenarios, this implies profound changes will take place everywhere on the planet.

The biosphere will react to this unprecedented shift in equally unprecedented ways. Each species has a comfort zone temperature band to exist within. If the temperature falls outside that zone, it can remain in place and adapt, shift geographical location (migration) or go extinct.

In an ecosystem, species all depend on each other. When a number of these shift their patterns, it will affect the others, increasing total ecosystem disruptions. Since human activity is dependent on nature, this will also ripple up to humans in a variety of ways.

Hier ist klar, dass es um die historische Dimension der ökologischen Krise geht. Die Begriffe Adaptation, Residual Risk, Transformational Adaptation und Loss and Damage hängen miteinander zusammen.

Ist ein Schlüsselpunkt für die Darstellung dieses Reports.

Krueger, P., Callaway, F., Gul, S., Griffiths, T., & Lieder, F. (2022). Discovering Rational Heuristics for Risky Choice. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/mg7dn

Prouzeau, A., Besançon, L., & Mihelcic, J. (2021). Working from home is the new black: Into the private world of remote collaboration in COVID-19 lockdowns. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6cu3t

Bressan, P. (2021). Strangers look sicker (with implications in times of COVID-19). PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/x4unv

Daly, M., & Robinson, E. (2020). Psychological distress and adaptation to the COVID-19 crisis in the United States [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/79f5v

As clear an argument for adapting learning material as can be.

Cohen, A.-L. (n.d.). Perspective | ‘Mental time travel’ is one of many imaginative ways we can cope with the pandemic. Washington Post. Retrieved March 8, 2021, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/covid-cope-imagine-mental-transport/2021/03/05/a5fc6dde-7b85-11eb-a976-c028a4215c78_story.html

Welsch, R., Wessels, M., Bernhard, C., Thoenes, S., & Castell, C. F. von. (2020). Physical distancing and the perception of interpersonal distance in the COVID-19 crisis. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/95n3p

Safra, L., Chevallier, C., & Sijilmassi, A. (2021). Poverty and Threat Reactivity. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/fp35r

Kubo, T., Masuyama, A., Shinkawa, H., & Sugawara, D. (2020). Impact of a Single School-Based Intervention for COVID-19 on Improving Mental Health. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/eb6yz

I assume this gets search traffic because people hope/assume that since there's a React "material-ui" that there might already be a "svelte-material-ui" port/adaptation available. So they search for exactly that (like I did). That and being the first to create that something (with that name).

They even named the main file react.js so when converting/migrating components from React you could (at least some of the time, perhaps) simply leave some of the imports as-is:

import {createHooks, useRef} from './react';

Online Research: From Funding to Data Collection. (n.d.). Association for Psychological Science - APS. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.psychologicalscience.org/news/online-research.html

Kubo, T., Sugawara, D., & Masuyama, A. (2020). The effect of ego-resiliency and COVID-19-related stress on mental health among the Japanese population. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/up6c3

McArdle, Elaine, August 26, and 2020. ‘COVID Adaptation’. Harvard Law Today. Accessed 7 September 2020. https://today.law.harvard.edu/covid-adaptation/.

Barrett, L. F. (2020, July 8). Opinion | College Courses Online Are Disappointing. Here’s How to Fix Them. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/08/opinion/college-reopening-online-classes.html

Love, D., Allison, E. H., Asche, F., Belton, B., Cottrell, R. S., Froehlich, H. E., Gephart, J. A., Hicks, C., Little, D. C., Nussbaumer, E. M., da Silva, P. P., Poulain, F., Rubio, A., Stoll, J. S., Tlusty, M. F., Thorne-Lyman, A. L., Troell, M., & Zhang, W. (2020). Emerging COVID-19 impacts, responses, and lessons for building resilience in the seafood system [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/x8aew

LucyinLockdown: Viruses, Pandemics and Lessons Learnt with Dr Jane Greatorex—YouTube. (2020, June 18). https://youtu.be/5U1go5hyen8

Salvador, C., Kraus, B., Ackerman, J., Gelfand, M., & Kitayama, S. (2020, April 10). Interdependent Self-Construal Predicts Complacency Under Pathogen Threat: An Electrocortical Investigation. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/t5pg6

Heap, S. H., Koop, C., Matakos, K., Unan, A., & Weber, N. S. (2020). COVID-19 and people’s health-wealth preferences: Information effects and policy implications [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/mz67j

McKay, T., Henne, J., Gonzales, G., Quarles, R., Gavulic, K. A., & Gallegos, S. G. (2020). The COVID-19 Pandemic and Sexual Behavior among Gay and Bisexual Men in the United States. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/8fzay

The Adaptable Animal - Webinar

Domínguez-Álvarez, B., López-Romero, L., Isdahl-Troye, A., Gómez-Fraguela, J. A., & Romero, E. (2020). Children Coping, Contextual Risk and their Interplay during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Spanish Case [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/bt6kr

Branas-Garza, P., Jorrat, D. A., Alfonso, A., Espin, A. M., García, T., & Kovarik, J. (2020). Exposure to the Covid-19 pandemic and generosity in southern Spain [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6ktuz

Long read: Cultural evolution, Covid-19, and preparing for what’s next. (2020, April 22). LSE Business Review. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/businessreview/2020/04/22/long-read-cultural-evolution-covid-19-and-preparing-for-whats-next/

Tingley, K. (2020, June 10). How Architecture Could Help Us Adapt to the Pandemic. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/06/09/magazine/architecture-covid.html

Almaatouq, A., Noriega-Campero, A., Alotaibi, A., Krafft, P. M., Moussaid, M., & Pentland, A. (2020). Adaptive social networks promote the wisdom of crowds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 201917687. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1917687117

Dunn, C. G., Kenney, E., Fleischhacker, S. E., & Bleich, S. N. (2020). Feeding Low-Income Children during the Covid-19 Pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(18), e40. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2005638

Zoder-Martell, K., Markelz, A., Floress, M. T., Skriba, H. A., & Sayyah, L. E. N. (2020, May 6). Technology to Facilitate Telehealth in Applied Behavior Analysis. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/nz5s7

Duffield, S. & O'Hare, D. Teacher resilience during coronavirus school closures. The British Psychological Society. Advice PDF. https://www.bps.org.uk/sites/www.bps.org.uk/files/Member%20Networks/Divisions/DECP/Teacher%20resilience%20during%20coronavirus%20school%20closures.pdf

Lelonkiewicz, J. R., Gambi, C., Weller, L., & Pfister, R. (2020, April 15). Lelonkiewicz_et_al_2020_Adaptation_and_Anticipation. https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000717

GANGNES: The tactile nature of the Martians' hunt for the narrator is a scene of intense tension in adaptations and illustrations of the novel. Byron Haskin’s 1953 film increases the danger posed by the machine's searching tentacle by adding a mechanical "eye" to its end, so that the characters must stay out of sight as well as sitting still.

More information:

• John M. Miller, "The War of the Worlds (1953)" on Turner Classic Movies' website

GANGNES: A variation on this line is used as the first sung lines in track 1 ("The Eve of the War") of Jeff Wayne's 1978 musical adaptation of The War of the Worlds (LP only; not originally performed live as a play). In the musical, the line is altered to "The chances of anything coming from Mars are a million to one, he said." In the novel, Ogilvy is telling the narrator that there may well be life on Mars, but it is not likely to be "man-like," i.e., intelligent and capable of communicating in the way humans communicate. The musical's altered line instead has Ogilvy opine that regardless of what kind of life might be on Mars, the odds that Martians would come to Earth are very low.

The musical incorporates narration adapted from the novel, instrumental music, vocals, and "plot" additions. The LP set was sold with an accompanying illustrated booklet related to the novel's plot. The musical has recently been updated as "The New Generation." Live performances of the musical with accompanying stage effects tour the United Kingdom.

More information:

• Website dedicated to Jeff Wayne's musical
• "The Eve of the War" recording

GANGNES: Adaptations of The War of the Worlds have tended to modify their settings to match those of their main audience. To aid in establishing their time periods and locations, they open with a prologue that is similar to this one, but with several details changed to suit the adaptation.

The 1938 RADIO DRAMA (Orson Welles, Mercury Theatre on the Air)) begins: "We know now that in the early years of the twentieth century this world was being watched closely by intelligences greater than man's and yet as mortal as his own. We know now that as human beings busied themselves about their various concerns they were scrutinized and studied, perhaps almost as narrowly as a man with a microscope might scrutinize the transient creatures that swarm and multiply in a drop of water. With infinite complacence people went to and fro over the earth about their little affairs, serene in the assurance of their dominion over this small spinning fragment of solar driftwood which by chance or design man has inherited out of the dark mystery of Time and Space. Yet across an immense ethereal gulf, minds that to our minds as ours are to the beasts in the jungle, intellects vast, cool and unsympathetic, regarded this earth with envious eyes and slowly and surely drew their plans against us. In the thirty-ninth year of the twentieth century came the great disillusionment."

The 1953 FILM ADAPTATION (Byron Haskin)) includes a bit of narration before the title that briefly discusses war technology from WWI and WWII, then begins: "No one would have believed, in the middle of the twentieth century, human affairs were being closely watched by a greater intelligence. Yet, across the gulf of space, on the planet Mars, intellects vast and unsympathetic regarded our Earth enviously, slowly and surely drawing their plans against us."

The 2005 FILM ADAPTATION (Steven Spielberg)) begins: "No one would have believed in the early years of the twenty-first century, that our world was being watched by intelligences greater than our own. That as men busied themselves about their various concerns, they observed and studied. Like the way a man with a microscope might scrutinize the creatures that swarm and multiply in a drop of water. With infinite complacency men went to and fro about the globe, confident of our empire over this world. Yet, across the gulf of space, intellects, vast and cool and unsympathetic regarded our plant with envious eyes. And slowly and surely, drew their plans against us."

Perhaps most interestingly, the opening lines were modified to fit a fictional setting: the DC Comics universe. The DC "Elseworlds" comic "SUPERMAN: WAR OF THE WORLDS" (1988) accommodates the existence of Krypton in this way: "No one would have believed, in the early decades of the twentieth century, that the Earth was being watched keenly and closely across the gulf of space by intelligences greater than man's and yet as mortal as his own. One such older world was Mars, where minds that are to our mind as ours are to the beasts--intellects vast and cool and unsympathetic--regarded Earth with envious eyes, and slowly and surely drew their plans against us. Another such world, unknown alike to our earth and to the red planet... was the doomed sphere called Krypton." The narration goes on to link the fates of Earth, Mars, and Krypton to establish their similarities and draw them together under the Elseworlds Martian invasion.

Haley, C., Orlik, J., Czibor, E., Cuello, H., Firpo, T., Goettsch, M., Stouffs, L., Smith, L. (2020 April 09). There will be no 'back to normal'. Nesta. nesta.org.uk/blog/there-will-be-no-back-normal/

GANGNES: The battle of the Thunder Child is one of the most action-packed scenes in the novel. It has been a favored scene for many adaptations and illustrations, including the album cover for Jeff Wayne's musical adaptation (see Installment 1 annotations):

More information:

• Website dedicated to Jeff Wayne's musical
• "Thunder Child" recording
• Dr. Zeus's War of the Worlds book cover collection
• Dr. Zeus's War of the Worlds interior illustration collection

GANGNES: Visual depictions of Wells's Martians, like those of their fighting-machines, have varied widely. Part of this is due to the fact that, even though they are described at length, the narrator still has difficulty wrapping his head around how to relate their appearance to terrestrial creatures. Most depictions resemble something squidlike, but Spielberg's 2005 film) extrapolates from the tripod machines and gives the Martians three appendages.

More information:

• Illustrations of Wells's Martians on book covers of The War of the Worlds collected by Chez Zeus