Elon Musk Wants You to Think This Election Is Being Stolen by [[Charlie Warzel]]

for - Gutenberg printing press - initial use - misinformation - witchhunting manuals were the best sellers - Yuval Noah Harari

The song's criticism on mass media is mainly related to sensationalism.

"Good" things are usually not sensational. They do not demand attention, hence why the code of known/unknown based on selectors for attention filters it out.

Reference Hans-Georg Moeller's explanations of Luhmann's mass media theory based on functionally differentiated systems theory.

Can also compare to Simone Weil's thoughts on collectives and opinion; organizations (thus most part of mass media) should not be allowed to form opinions as this is an act of the intellect, only residing in the individual. Opinion of any form meant to spread lies or parts of the truth rather than the whole truth should be disallowed according to her because truth is a foundational, even the most sacred, need for the soul.

People must be protected against misinformation.

A Lie Can Travel Halfway Around the World While the Truth Is Putting On Its Shoes by [[Quote Investigator]]

Venkataraman, Bina. “How Latino Influencers Are Fighting Misinformation in South Florida.” The Washington Post, May 30, 2024, sec. Opinion. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2024/05/30/misinformation-spanish-latinos-south-florida/.

Often, because misinformation is spread using technological means, we focus on using technology to dampen the spread of rumors. The root of the problem is really a human one, however, so it may help significantly to focus efforts on that locus.

Link to Swift quote about lies and truth: https://hypothes.is/a/Ys0x_m65Ee6GOPtD0OROJw

Notice that many fake news stories begin from a place of fear. This fear hijacks our brains and triggers fight or flight options in our system I circuitry and actively prevent the use of the rational parts of system II which would quickly reveal problems in the information.

A formula for fighting misinformation: empathize, don't shame, acknowledge kernels of truth

Presumably this came out of the Information Futures Lab, but it would be nice to have the source and related research.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnotology

Der Guardian ist in den Besitz eines detaillierten Dokuments zur PR und Desinformations-Strategie der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und des COP28- Präsidenten Sultan Al Jaber gekommen. Zu den sogenannten sensiblen Punkten gehört die Ausweitung der Öl- und Gas-Produktion der Emirate. Im Zentrum der Strategie steht offensichtlich das Bemühen, die Verbrennung von fossilen Energieträgern so wenig wie möglich zu thematisieren. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/aug/01/leak-uae-presidency-un-climate-summit-oil-gas-emissions-yemen

Bad history can be paraded under the umbrella of propaganda, not to serve to tell the story of the past, but to tell a story about a coming future.

simultaneously one should speak truth to the dis-empowered and dis-enfranchised to rise up against those who have power as a check to that power.

for - quote - roots of misinformation, quote - roots of fake news, key insight - roots of misinformation

key insight - roots of misinformation - (see below)

quote - roots of misinformation - we have a media that needs to survive based on - clicks and - controversy and - serving the most engaged people - so they both sides the issues - they they lift up - facts and - lies - as equivalent in order to claim no bias but - that in itself is a bias because - it gives more oxygen to the - lies and - the disinformation - that is really dangerous to our society and - we are living through the impacts of - those errors and - that malpractice -done by media in America

for - misinformation - media misinformation

Recently saw some original Copernicus books "annotated" (read censored) by the church.

https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691122946/on-bullshit

Famously misquoted, the earliest most accurate transcription of her speech does not include the line "Ain't I a woman?" The closest line is "I am a woman's rights." https://www.thesojournertruthproject.com/compare-the-speeches/

As a case in point, the self-replication of misinformation on social media networks has become a substantial physical risk in the early 21st century causing not only swings in elections, but riots, take overs, swings in the stock market (GameStop short squeeze January 2021), and mob killings. It is incredibly difficult to create risk assessments for these sorts of future harms.

In biology, we see major damage to a wide variety of species as the result of uncontrolled self-replication. We call it cancer.

We also see programmed processes in biological settings including apoptosis and necrosis as means of avoiding major harms. What might these look like with respect to artificial intelligence?

• for: hard problem of consciousness - UTok, question - consciosness - UTok mind 1a, Gregg Henrique

• comment

• question - consciousness - UTok mind 1b
  • This is a great diagram and conveys a lot in a succinct manner.
  • However, I have a gut feeling that the Mind 01a is not quite the right representation
  • If language and analysis is in the Mind 3 domain, then it is combined with Mind 1b as neurocognition is itself a mental construction, rather than an object
  • All this addresses that there is a deep entanglement between many scientifically analytically rich "objects" and constructed ideas
    • Scientific objects are spoken about and mixed with non-scientifically-laden objects in the world as if they are one and the same. They are not. Scientifically-laden objects have a huge amount of analytic theory behind them. Without familiarity with that theory, the object loses its validity, especially to the lay person.
    • This could be a possible explanation of why scientists are losing their credibility in modernity and giving rise to alternative facts, misinformation and fake news
      • https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2022/02/15/americans-trust-in-scientists-other-groups-declines/

Ashby's law of requisite variety may also be at play for overloading our system 1 heuristic abilities with respect to misinformation (particularly in high velocity social media settings). Switching context from system 1 to system 2 on a constant basis to fact check everything in our (new digital) immediate environment can be very mentally and emotionally taxing. This can result in both mental exhaustion as well as anxiety.

The article is considered a primary source, because while it references to several other sources for study, it generates primary information from this particular subject. The study focuses on social media misinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic, and is aimed at exploring its characteristics, determinants, impacts, theoretical perspectives, and strategies for halting its spread. Authors Muhamed and Mathew comprehensively explained how misinformation is propagated by several causes: anxiety which prevents such tension in efforts of filling in the missing information, source ambiguity due to trustworthiness to the origin of information, personal involvement, social ties, confirmation bias which reinforces preexisting beliefs, attractiveness of the platform, illiteracy, ease of sharing options, and device attachment. In terms of mitigation, the study suggests early communication to public officials and health professionals, use of scientific evidence for fact-checking, rumor refutation, intervention on misinformation by experts, all of which are aligned to the same goal. The study takes from 28 credible sources to discuss misinformation using a systematic literary review. Along with the resources used were tables and graphs that illustrate an overview of the results. While the discussion is rich in explanations and details, the study is obviously limited because of its research on specific domains.

https://context.center/topics/misinformation/#dealing-with-misinformation

https://checkpleasecc.notion.site/checkpleasecc/Check-Please-Starter-Course-ae34d043575e42828dc2964437ea4eed

Falsehood flies, and Truth comes limping after it;<br /> —Jonathan Swift, “The Examiner, From Thursday Nov 2 to Thursday Nov 9, 1710.” In The Examiner [Afterw.] The Whig Examiner, edited by Joseph Addison and Jonathan Swift, Vol. 15. London: John Morphew, near Stationers Hall, 1710.

found via https://quoteinvestigator.com/2014/07/13/truth/

with variations on "A lie travels around the globe while the truth is putting on its shoes." attributed variously to Mark Twain, Jonathan Swift, Thomas Francklin, Fisher Ames, Thomas Jefferson, John Randolph, Charles Haddon Spurgeon, Winston Churchill, Terry Pratchett?

How to protect against these sorts of outcomes? Relation to identity and cognitive biases?

"... I am willing to believe that history is for the most part inaccurate and biased, but what is peculair to our own age is the abandonment of the idea that history could be truthfully written."—George Orwell

check source and verify text <br /> (8:42)

This is incorrect. "Favela" is NEVER spelled "favela". "Favela" is a Portuguese word. According to Portuguese spelling and pronunciation rules, a double-L should NOT be used in that word.

This is incorrect. "Favela" is not known as "favella".

Timmy Broderick in Evidence Undermines ‘Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria’ Claims In Scientific American at 2023-08-24 (accessed:: 2023-08-25 09:26:00)

• for: misinformation, disinformation, fake news, quote, quote - Greg Shatan, quote - misinformation, progress trap - misinformation, progress trap - digital technology, indyweb - support
• quote
  • The instinctual BS-meter is not enough.
  • The next version of the ‘BS-meter’ will need to be technologically based.
  • The tricks of misinformation have far outstripped the ability of people to reliably tell whether they are receiving BS or not
• author: Greg Shatan
  • lawyer, Moses & Singer LLP
    • not to mention that it requires a constant state of vigilance that’s exhausting to maintain.
  • I think that the ability and usefulness of the web to enable positive grassroots civic communication will be harnessed,
    • moving beyond mailing lists and fairly static one-way websites.

via https://quoteinvestigator.com/2017/11/30/salary/

Some underlying tension for the question of identity/misinformation and personal politics vis-a-vis work and one's identity generated via work.

https://twitter.com/TheGreenLineTO

Local storytelling creating identity.

Suggested by Aram Zucker-Scharff

Things have not improved measurably since the 1950s apparently. The drumbeat has only gotten worse.

• Title
  • Climate misinformation in a climate of misinformation

United States biomedical researchers and pharmaceutical companies are conducting and paying African doctors to conduct unethical and illegal testing of human subjects. Nonconsensual research on human subjects is an atrocity that occurred in Tuskegee, Alabama, and in Guatemala for over forty years. Once outlawed in the U.S., medical researchers began experimenting on thousands of human research subjects without their consent in Cameroon, Ghana, Namibia, Nigeria, Uganda, South Africa, Zimbabwe and other African countries.

I believe that seeing false news in the same light as spam is a better way to look at identifying the problem. This may help decrease some of the damage posed by false news for consumers who aren't well-versed in spotting disinformation on the internet. Most individuals can read an email in their inbox claiming that they won the million-dollar lottery and still classify it as spam because they recognize the all too familiar ploy. If we applied this approach to disinformation on social media, I believe it would help people become more familiar with the lies spread on the internet.

https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/04/24/business/tucker-carlson-fox-news

Following the settlement with Dominion Voting Systems last week, Tucker Carlson is out at Fox News.

Lying press

Now, I've made a number of documentaries about fake news. And what interests me is the first person to use the phrase mainstream media was Joseph Goebbels. And he, in one of his propaganda sheets, said “It's very important that you don't read the mainstream media because they'll tell you lies.” You must read the truth by the ramblings of his boss and his associated work. And you do have to watch this. This is a very, very well-established technique of fascists, is to tell you, don't read this stuff, read our stuff.<br /> —Ian Hislop, Editor, Private Eye Magazine 00:16:00, Satire in the Age of Murdoch and Trump, The Problem with Jon Stewart Podcast

That seems somewhat comically optimistic. Misinformation has spread rampantly online without the accelerant of AI.

link to https://hypothes.is/a/U95jEs0eEe20EUesAtKcuA

Is this phenomenon of "complex narratives" related to misinformation spread within the larger and more complex social network/online network? At small, local scales, people know how to handle data and information which is locally contextualized for them. On larger internet-scale communication social platforms this sort of contextualization breaks down.

For a lack of a better word for this, let's temporarily refer to it as "complex narratives" to get a handle on it.

Title: Fox News producer files explosive lawsuits against the network, alleging she was coerced into providing misleading Dominion testimony

// - This is an example of how big media corporations can deceive the public and compromise the truth - It helps create a nation of misinformed people which destabilizes political governance - the workspace sounds toxic - the undertone of this story: the pathological transformation of media brought about by capitalism - it is the need for ratings, which is the indicator for profit in the marketing world, that has corrupted the responsibility to report truthfully - making money becomes the consumerist dream at the expense of all else of intrinsic value within a culture - knowledge is what enables culture to exist, modernity is based on cumulative cultural evolution - this is an example of NON-conscious cumulative cultural evolution or pathological cumulaitve cultural evolution

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hseanLcCpec

• Title: Faster than expected

• subtitle: why most climate scientists can’t tell the truth (in public) Author: Jackson Damien

• This is a good article written from a psychotherapist's perspective,

• examining the psychology behind why published, mainstream, peer reviewed climate change research is always dangerously lagging behind current research,
• and recommending what interventions could be be taken to remedy this
• This your of scientific misinformation coming from scientists themselves
• gives minimizers and denialists the very ammunition they need to legitimise delay of the urgently needed system change.
• What climate scientists say In public is far from what they believe in private.
• For instance, many climate scientists don't believe 1.5 Deg. C target is plausible anymore, but don't say so in public.
• That reticence is due to fear of violating accepted scientific social norms,
• being labeled alarmist and risk losing their job.
• That creates a collective cognitive dissonance that acts as a feedback signal
• for society to implement change at a dangerously slow pace
• and to not spend the necessary resources to prepare for the harm already baked in.
• The result of this choice dissonance is that
• there is no collective sense of an emergency or a global wartime mobilisation scale of collective behaviour.
• Our actions are not commensurate to the permanent emergency state we are now in.
• The appropriate response that is suggested is for the entire climate science community to form a coalition that creates a new kind of peer reviewed publishing and reporting
• that publicly responds to the current and live knowledge that is being discovered every day.
• This is done from a planetary and permanent emergency perspective in order to eliminate the dangerous delays that create the wrong human collective behavioural responses.

• it is the conservative nature of science
• to spend years to validates claims.
• Unfortunately, in a global emergency as we find ourselves in now, we don’t have the luxury of a few years.
• In the case of this wicked problem, we need to find a way to make major decisions based on uncertain but plausible data
• The misinformation has the effect of causing society to set the wrong priorities and making things worse

Of course the hardest problem in big data has come to be realized as the issue of cleaning up messing and misleading data!

Beyond their epistemological utility do zettelkasten also "embody a moral value"? Jason Lustig argues that they may have in the teaching context of Gotthard Deutsch where the reliance on facts was of extreme importance for historical research.

Some of this is also seen in Scott Scheper's religious framing of zettelkasten method though here the aim has a different focus.

Interesting statement about how much memory matters, though it's missing some gravitas somehow.

Is there more in the original source?

Where's the balance for professionalism with respect to dodging the algorithmic filters for serious health-related conversations online?

link to: https://hypothes.is/a/uBq9HKqWEe22Jp_rjJ5tjQ

PolitiFact - People are using coded language to avoid social media moderation. Is it working?<br /> by Kayla Steinberg<br /> November 4, 2021

A shared language and even more specifically a coded shared language can be used to create a sense of community or define an in group identity.

https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/2/2/donovan-forced-leave-hks/

This is a massive loss for HKS, but a potential major win for the school that picks the project up.

It seems to be a sad use of "rules" to shut down a project which may not jive with an administrations' perspective/needs.

Read on Fri 2023-02-03 at 7:14 PM

The uptake of mis- and disinformation is intertwined with the way our minds work. The large body of research on the psychological aspects of information manipulation explains why.

In an article for Nature Review Psychology, Ullrich K. H. Ecker et al looked(opens in a new tab) at the cognitive, social, and affective factors that lead people to form or even endorse misinformed views. Ironically enough, false beliefs generally arise through the same mechanisms that establish accurate beliefs. It is a mix of cognitive drivers like intuitive thinking and socio-affective drivers. When deciding what is true, people are often biased to believe in the validity of information and to trust their intuition instead of deliberating. Also, repetition increases belief in both misleading information and facts.

Ecker, U.K.H., Lewandowsky, S., Cook, J. et al. (2022). The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction.

Going a step further, Álex Escolà-Gascón et al investigated the psychopathological profiles that characterise people prone to consuming misleading information. After running a number of tests on more than 1,400 volunteers, they concluded that people with high scores in schizotypy (a condition not too dissimilar from schizophrenia), paranoia, and histrionism (more commonly known as dramatic personality disorder) are more vulnerable to the negative effects of misleading information. People who do not detect misleading information also tend to be more anxious, suggestible, and vulnerable to strong emotions.

Misinformation exposure and extreme right-wing ideology appear associated in this report. Others find that it is partisanship that predicts susceptibility.

https://voices.uchicago.edu/censorship/

Related YouTube channel/videos: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCeNP7NIWmB70wFBv9QolYkg

I'd always known this was a thing, but didn't have a word for it.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/163G79vq-mFWjIqMb9AzYGbr5Y8YMGcpbSzJRutO8tpw/edit

Howard Rheingold, et al. A Guide to Crap Detection Resources

Storytelling tropes play into our system one heuristics and cognitive biases by riding on the tailcoats of familiar story plotlines we've come to know and trust.

What are the ways out of this trap? Creating lists of tropes which should trigger our system one reactions to switch into system two thinking patterns? Can we train ourselves away from these types of misinformation?

Something similar! Here it is: https://t.co/x1DPx9dm0P

— Renee DiResta (@noUpside) November 26, 2022

Lilienfeld, S. O., Sauvigné, K. C., Lynn, S. J., Cautin, R. L., Latzman, R. D., & Waldman, I. D. (2014). Fifty psychological and psychiatric terms to avoid: a list of inaccurate, misleading, misused, ambiguous, and logically confused words and phrases. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01100

https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1406325523991564293.html

One of the issues we see in the Sunday morning news analysis shows (Meet the Press, Face the Nation, et al.) is that there is usually a large amount of context collapse mixed with lack of general knowledge about the topics at hand compounded with large doses of Gish Gallop and F.U.D. (fear, uncertainty, and doubt).

Almost every new technology goes through a moral panic phase where the unknown is used to spawn potential backlashes against it. Generally these disappear with time and familiarity with the technology.

Bicycles cause insanity, for example...

Why does medicine and vaccines not follow more of this pattern? Is it lack of science literacy in general which prevents it from becoming familiar for some?

Perhaps we might more profitably undermine misinformation by dismantling the underlying tropes the underpin them?

And that, perhaps, is what we might get to via prebunking. Not so much attempts to counter or fact-check misinfo on the internet, but defanging the tropes that underpin the most recurringly manipulative claims so that the public sees, recognizes, & thinks:😬

— Renee DiResta (@noUpside) June 19, 2021

If you read lower in the article you'll see that the headline is a blatant lie.

The Gov failed to prosecute a violent person, so AP spins it as if this guy "evaded" (which is an action).

One can't evade a law that is never applied against them.

MDM == Misinformation, Disinformation, and Malinformation.

These definitions from earlier in the article: * misinformation (false information spread unintentionally) * disinformation (false information spread intentionally) * malinformation (factual information shared, typically out of context, with harmful intent)

Because of the fact that the Internet is accessible to virtually anyone today makes it among the best exploitable tools for politicians. However that in itself does not explain why it became a pivotal element of the recent elections. Misinformation is believed by many Filipinos due to their inability to fact check information on the Internet. Normally, fact checking should be an ability that individuals can do as a byproduct of critical thinking skills honed through their formal education. Unfortunately the implementation of Philippine education is not conducive to the practice of critical thinking for a number of reasons, such as the lack of teachers and learning facilities. Moreover, socioeconomic factors prevent people from focusing on their education. Substandard education and an unstable economy may explain why, in addition to falling for misinformation, people choose to propagate it in exchange for financial stability, thus increasing the number of perpetrators that those with ulterior motives can use for their own ends.

Spreading misinformation and disinformation is really easy in this day and age because of how accessible information is and how much of it there is on the web. This is explained precisely by Edgerly. Noted in this part of the article, there is a business for the spread of disinformation, particularly in our country. There are people who pay what we call online trolls, to spread disinformation and capitalize on how “chronically online” Filipinos are, among many other factors (i.e., most Filipinos’ information illiteracy due to poverty and lack of educational attainment, how easy it is to interact with content we see online, regardless of its authenticity, etc.). Disinformation also leads to misinformation through word-of-mouth. As stated by Edgerly in this article, “people tend to believe in information… shared by their immediate families and friends”; because of people’s human nature to trust the information shared by their loved ones, if one is not information literate, they will not question their newly received information. Lastly, it most certainly does not help that social media algorithms nowadays rely on what users interact with; the more that a user interacts with a certain information, the more that social media platforms will feed them that information. It does not help because not all social media websites have fact checkers and users can freely spread disinformation if they chose to.

This statement from a man who claims to work for politicians as an internet troll and propagator of fake news was really striking, because it shows how fabricating something out of the blue can have a profound impact in the elections--something that is supposed to be a democratic process. Now more than ever, mudslinging in popular information spaces like social media can easily sway public opinion (or confirm it). We have seen this during the election season, wherein Leni Robredo bore the brunt of outrageous rumors; one rumor I remember well was that Leni apparently married an NPA member before and had a kid with him. It is tragic that misinformation and disinformation is not just a mere phenomenon anymore, but a fully blown industry. It has a tight clutch on the decisions people make for the country, while also deeply affecting their values and beliefs.

Not only programmed accounts are created but also troll accounts that propagate disinformation and spread fake news with the intent to cause havoc on every people. In short, once they start with a malicious comment some people will engage with the said comment which leads to more rage comments and disagreements towards each other. That is what they do, they trigger people to engage in their comments so that they can be spread more and produce more fake news. These troll accounts usually are prominent during elections, like in the Philippines some speculates that some of the candidates have made troll farms just to spread fake news all over social media in which some people engage on.

In all honesty, since I don't usually dwell on technology, coding, and stuff. I thought when you say "Bot" it is controlled by another user like a legit person, never knew that it was programmed and created to learn the usual patterns of posting of some people may be it on Twitter, Facebook, and other social media platforms. I think it is important to properly understand how "Bots" work to avoid misinformation and disinformation most importantly during this time of prominent social media use.

It's the vapors of Gasoline and Diesel Fuel that burn, so to measure fuel density based on volume of the liquid for fuels that burn in vapor form - but not doing the same for hydrogen is simply dishonest.

They all burn as a vapor and store and transport well as a liquid. If you compare them all based on the gas volume when they are burned, Hydrogen is still by far the most energy dense.

It's the capacity to store hydrogen that makes the other fuels fuel at all, so it's hard to improve on 100% hydrogen for doing that.

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/information-overload-helps-fake-news-spread-and-social-media-knows-it/

Good overview article of some of the psychology research behind misinformation in social media spaces including bots, AI, and the effects of cognitive bias.

Probably worth mining the story for the journal articles and collecting/reading them.

The upshot of this paper seems to be "information overload alone can explain why fake news can become viral."

Vaccines are "administered primarily to prevent disease." https://www.britannica.com/science/vaccine

Thusly, a "vaccine" that does not actually prevent disease is, by definition, not a vaccine but marketing spin aimed at enriching the manufacturer's shareholders.

We know that "vaccines" are not effective as vaccines because it is so common for people who are "fully vaxxed and boosted" to announce that hey have become infected with the pathogen the "vaccine" is claimed to protect against.

The highly scientific reaction is to respond "Well, just imagine how bad it could have been if they weren't vaccinated" which is an unfalsifiable unscientific claim.

Schafer, B. (2021, October 5). RT Deutsch Finds a Home with Anti-Vaccination Skeptics in Germany. Alliance For Securing Democracy. https://securingdemocracy.gmfus.org/rt-deutsch-youtube-antivaccination-germany/

Warner, E. L., Barbati, J. L., Duncan, K. L., Yan, K., & Rains, S. A. (2022). Vaccine misinformation types and properties in Russian troll tweets. Vaccine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.12.040

Laurent, C. de S., Murphy, G., Hegarty, K., & Greene, C. (2021). Measuring the effects of misinformation exposure on behavioural intentions. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/2xngy

Bevan, R. (2022, February 27). Discord Bans Covid-19 And Vaccine Misinformation. The Gamer. https://www.thegamer.com/discord-anti-vax-covid-19-misinformation-ban-community-guidelines/

Caulfield, T. (2017, October 24). The Vaccination Picture by Timothy Caulfield. Penguin Random House Canada. https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/books/565776/the-vaccination-picture-by-timothy-caulfield/9780735234994

Notion – The all-in-one workspace for your notes, tasks, wikis, and databases. (n.d.). Notion. Retrieved 14 February 2022, from https://www.notion.so

With Only 26% of Pregnant People in the United States Vaccinated Against COVID-19, New Survey Sheds Light on the Reasons Why. (n.d.). Retrieved November 1, 2021, from https://www.mavenclinic.com/post/covid-19-vaccine-survey-pregnant-people?utm_content=185156625&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter&hss_channel=tw-2236392565

De Block Golding, D. (2021, April 7). Viral video contains several false pandemic claims. Full Fact. https://fullfact.org/health/viral-video-contains-several-false-pandemic-claims/

Roth, E. (2021, October 30). Facebook puts tighter restrictions on vaccine misinformation targeted at children. The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2021/10/30/22754046/facebook-tighter-restrictions-vaccine-misinformation-children

Johnson, S. (2021, June 7). Spat at, abused, attacked: Healthcare staff face rising violence during Covid. The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/jun/07/spat-at-abused-attacked-healthcare-staff-face-rising-violence-during-covid

DemTech | COVID-19 Misinformation Newsletter 24 August 2021. (2021, August 24). https://demtech.oii.ox.ac.uk/covid-19-misinformation-newsletter-24-august-2021/#continue

Cubbon, S. (2021, March 17). Fringe communities feed on RT coverage to undermine Covid-19 vaccinations. First Draft. https://firstdraftnews.org:443/articles/rt-fringe-undermine-covid-vaccinations/

Zaig, G. (n.d.). 20% of Americans believe microchips are inside COVID-19 vaccines—Study. The Jerusalem Post | JPost.Com. Retrieved July 21, 2021, from https://www.jpost.com/omg/20-percent-of-americans-believe-microchips-are-inside-covid-19-vaccine-study-674272

Harford, T. (2021, May 6). What magic teaches us about misinformation. https://www.ft.com/content/5cea69f0-7d44-424e-a121-78a21564ca35

Borger, J. (2021, October 29). Covid bioweapon claims ‘scientifically invalid’, US intelligence reports. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/29/us-intelligence-report-covid-origins

How to report misinformation. (n.d.). Retrieved August 27, 2021, from https://www.who.int/campaigns/connecting-the-world-to-combat-coronavirus/how-to-report-misinformation-online

Swire-Thompson, B., Miklaucic, N., Wihbey, J., Lazer, D., & DeGutis, J. (2021). Backfire effects after correcting misinformation are strongly associated with reliability. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/e3pvx