The use of the word quite again--it's like nothing is real, or embodied. There is a lot of flighty language and flighty characters, 'Laura flew' 'butterfly' descriptions of air, and wind, and puffs, and angels--nothing feels grounded. The characters and the place feel like they could just be blown away like dead dandelion puffs.

Dang, H. H., & Trinh, T. (2020). The Beneficial Impacts of COVID-19 Lockdowns on Air Pollution: Evidence from Vietnam. IZA Discussion Paper, 13651.

How monitors (specific measures of specific criteria) are identified in AQS data.

Bae et al.(2020) Asymptomatic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on Evacuation Flight. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Retrieved from: https://ncrc.jhsph.edu/research/asymptomatic-transmission-of-sars-cov-2-on-evacuation-flight/

What Happens to Public Space When Everything Moves Outside. (2020, June 29). Bloomberg.Com. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-06-29/what-happens-to-public-space-when-everything-moves-outside

Can Air Conditioners Spread COVID-19? (n.d.). NPR.Org. Retrieved August 22, 2020, from https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/08/15/897147164/can-air-conditioners-spread-covid-19

Cicala, S., Holland, S. P., Mansur, E. T., Muller, N. Z., & Yates, A. J. (2020). Expected Health Effects of Reduced Air Pollution from COVID-19 Social Distancing (Working Paper No. 27135; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27135

Koren, M. (2020, April 2). The Pandemic Is Turning the Natural World Upside Down. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2020/04/coronavirus-pandemic-earth-pollution-noise/609316/

Page, M. L. (n.d.). How likely are you to be infected by the coronavirus on a flight? New Scientist. Retrieved August 24, 2020, from https://www.newscientist.com/article/2252152-how-likely-are-you-to-be-infected-by-the-coronavirus-on-a-flight/

Lednicky, J. A., Lauzardo, M., Fan, Z. H., Jutla, A. S., Tilly, T. B., Gangwar, M., Usmani, M., Shankar, S. N., Mohamed, K., Eiguren-Fernandez, A., Stephenson, C. J., Alam, M. M., Elbadry, M. A., Loeb, J. C., Subramaniam, K., Waltzek, T. B., Cherabuddi, K., Morris, J. G., & Wu, C.-Y. (2020). Viable SARS-CoV-2 in the air of a hospital room with COVID-19 patients. MedRxiv, 2020.08.03.20167395. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.03.20167395

Skorwid, G. (n.d.). The city that became an open-air café. Retrieved 14 August 2020, from https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200805-how-vilnius-became-an-open-air-cafe

Air Pollution Exposure and COVID-19. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved August 7, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/air-pollution-exposure-and-covid-19/

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On the Effects of COVID-19 Safer-​At-Home Policies on Social Distancing, Car Crashes and Pollution. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved August 4, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13255/

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Sharma, R., & Hossain, M. M. (2020). Household air pollution and COVID-19 risk in India: A potential concern [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/4ghde

Does air conditioning spread the coronavirus? (n.d.). NBC News. Retrieved July 5, 2020, from https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/does-air-conditioning-spread-coronavirus-n1232175

EU Datathon 2020—Webinar on COVID-19 and media and data monitoring. (2020, April 22). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyNgmEfi_vk&feature=youtu.be

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Nishiura, H., Oshitani, H., Kobayashi, T., Saito, T., Sunagawa, T., Matsui, T., Wakita, T., MHLW COVID-19 Response Team, & Suzuki, M. (2020). Closed environments facilitate secondary transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [Preprint]. Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.28.20029272

Expert Reaction

Weiss, S. (2020 April 04). How the coronavirus lockdown is hitting Mexico's drug cartels. DW. https://p.dw.com/p/3aOBU

Air operated pumps are known for the reciprocation of elastomeric diaphragms along with checking-valves in order to pump fluid. ATE provides various types of air operated pumps like Yamada NDP-5, Yamada DP-10 etc. It is having features, such as bolted-construction and common component replaceable parts are known to maximize uptime and, in turn, increase profitability.

Tại Việt Nam, Tổ chức Y tế thế giới (WHO) coi ô nhiễm không khí là một trong những nguyên nhân gây ra gánh nặng bệnh tật và tử vong hàng đầu. Có khoảng 6/10 bệnh có tỷ lệ chết cao nhất tại Việt Nam là những bệnh liên quan đến không khí.

Tuy nhiên, việc sử dụng khẩu trang chỉ là một giải pháp tình thế. Theo TS Hoàng Dương Tùng, để hạn chế ô nhiễm bụi PM2.5 cần hướng tới giải quyết tận gốc. Nguyên nhân gây ra ô nhiễm bụi mịn PM2.5 được xác định từ các nguồn sản xuất, giao thông, xây dựng, sinh hoạt... Trong đó bốn ngành gồm sắt thép, nhiệt điện, xi măng, hóa chất đã gây ra 80% lượng ô nhiễm từ các nguồn ô nhiễm điểm.

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The space between individuals is where the social capital resides. Where peer pressure occurs. Where norms are exchanged and regulated. It is an important space :-)!

I am a bit confused here...SNA focuses directly on the space between individuals. Our relationships live in this space. Traditional social science looks at the characteristics of individuals to see if they vary according to another variable, i.e. independent and dependent variables. There are no IV and DV in SNA, at least in basic SNA. More advanced SNA blends statistics and SNA data.

The focus of analysis is on the space between the individuals, i.e. the air, rather than on the character or traits of the individual. The traits and character can be used to understand what is going on in the relationship but SNA measures the links not the nodes.

While traditional social science focuses on the characteristics of the individual, SNA takes the idea of social pressure and social forces seriously and analyzes the space in between individuals, i.e. the 'air'.

This is what makes SNA so different. Usual sociological analysis holds the individual as the unit of analysis. Even when looking at the institutional level, the unit is usually the individual. SNA asks you to see, analyze and conceptualize the space between individuals, i.e. air.

This is what makes SNA so different. Usual sociological analysis holds the individual as the unit of analysis. Even when looking at the institutional level, the unit is usually the individual. SNA asks you to see, analyze and conceptualize the space between individuals, i.e. air.

Marc Rysman - BU

Social networks are like 'air'; they surround us and we don't even see them. To me, this is what makes the methodology of SNA harder to grasp; how to access the data for 'air'? How to understand the discreet influence of 'air'? But once you see it, you can't unsee it! Very powerful!

I think this is why we are so fascinated by social media; it has revealed what has always been under the surface. To me, networks are like 'air'; all around us but hard to see. SNA reveals the air.

I think this is why they are hard to analyze...it is like trying to see and understand air. It is everywhere so it feels so normal and invisible. Networks, particularly human networks are the same. Humans have always been embedded in networks; we live, thrive and die in networks. They are another form of 'air'. The difference is that today, social media has made them more visible. We can now see them and analyze them in new ways. Hence, why this class is online :-)

Sometimes this new framework feels a bit overwhelming to me because it asks me to 'see' the world differently. I am use to seeing through discreet categories containing individuals; i.e. race, class and gender. SNA is asking me to see it through interconnections and links--the stuff behind the categories. Sometimes it feels like I am being asked to see 'air'; I know it is there, but it is all around me--ubiquitous--which makes it harder, and more intellectually challenging, to see.

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The Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line was a chain of 63 radio and communication centers that spread from Alaska to the Canadian Arctic to Greenland. The DEW line was an American defense project to protect them from Russian threat. The DEW line was the first joint American and Canadian defense project (Lajeunesse). Because the majority of the project was paid for and spearheaded by the United States, Canada feared losing sovereignty in the Arctic. The United States did not wish to control Canadian land, but would control military forces in that region. Canada feared American presence and demanded that any American military air force bases be located away from densely populated areas. The DEW Line was functional by 1957. The DEW line was primarily controlled by the American Air Force, as the Canadian Air Force personnel did not have proper training or manpower to serve the DEW line. The Canadian presence on the DEW line was largely ceremonial to display Canadian approval and control of their land. The Canadian government pushed for the DEW Line to become NATO territory to minimize American dominance of the region, but this hope was never realized. In order to regain control over their Arctic territory, Canada constructed its own radar line called the Mid-Canada Line. Constructing their own line allowed Canada to regain recognition as a powerful ally and partner to the United States.

References: Lajeunesse, Adam. "The Distant Early Warning Line and the Canadian Battle for Public Perception." Canadian Military Journal. Accessed May 04, 2017. http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo8/no2/lajeunes-eng.asp.

Worth noting that another motivation for innovation is the growing repricusions of the externalities of legacy industries and companies. This is encouraging investment in sustainable solutions and opening the door for new way business who's costs are lower becuase their impact on the environment is lower.

This makes me think of k.d. lang discussing the experience of recording with Roy Orbison: "when you’re standing that close to a vocalist, you can feel the air move, and the body resonating, and everything. And Roy was very operatic, so he had a great deal of air moving, and even though he may look meek, he used his body a lot to get that projection."

Air pollution by indoor cooking and lighting is a major health risk. With half the world's population relying on open fireplaces, this is truly a problem of global scale... I found an inspiring company that works on both increasing the accessibility to electricity and a less harmful alternative to conventional open fireplaces. You might be interested in this. You can read about their vision here: http://www.biolitestove.com/pages/mission