The recurrence of "meringues" until this point warrants further examination. In addition to tracing this motif and performing contextual analyses, we can use word collocations and concordances to better understand the physical and figurative resonances of this dessert. This reading could then feed into a broader analysis of all of the story's ingestible substances.

Examples?

Object-oriented ontological thinking?

"text transformed into data."

Towards the end of the Mr.Bruff's narrative, the mysteries revolving around the Indians began to disperse at last. Mr.Bruff took a particular notice of date and time in his narrative, and thus the intimate connection of the chain of events after the Diamond left the country house was gradually unveiled.

The facts elicited by the inquiry were stated by Sergeant Cuff in the most discreet and circumspect manner. The Sergeant, though placidly retired at this moment, still retained his habitual discreetness when writing his report. He took a particular attention to the due dates and sum of money, which, evidently were the keys to unravel the mystery shrouding Mr.Godfrey Ablewhite's conducts.

A little over-the-top?

More data vs more theories

Humans are biased by our theories (though not totally). But isn't that the goal of science, to collectively question our assumptions and experiments? We need to attempt to falsify our theories not only by questioning the experiments and repeating them, but also by questioning the theories used to interpret data.

But there are examples of where our theory has led us astray, the heliocentric vision of the universe being an example. If not for that attachment to previous thinking, we might have learned more quickly about the heliocentric truth.

'Even as He hath revealed: "As oft as an Apostle cometh unto you with that which your souls desire not, ye swell with pride, accusing some of being impostors and slaying others."' - Kitab-i-Iqan

One goal of systems science and modelling, to explore what might be relevant and give us better heuristics.

Similar to the objectivism/subjectivism divide and social construction of truth/positivist scientific method.

Part of meditative practices is sometimes a focus of the mind, or an absence and an "insistent" self. Perhaps it's simply quieting part of the questioning mind in order to make room for a better side, but maybe it's about removing one's preconceived notions.

Maybe both? Causal feedback.

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highest god, creator of all gods and beings

Enkidu is a superlative being, notion of gods as being human-like and vice versa

hierodule - being a priestess, her having sex with Enkidu is not seen as a shameful thing. opposite of most religions that demand chastity for their priestesses

Goddess being omniscient in Assyrian religion

Dharma for Nordic peoples? definitely Pagan concept, seems like an oversight from Christian translators

everything in God's hands, Beowulf merely a vessel

notion of the Christian afterlife, purifying of soul

judgement of God - declaring the throne and hall of Heorot holy, cannot be usurped by enemies of God

mixture of Christianity (Cain and Abel) and Paganism (elves, giants, etc)

some translations name God specifically here, same sentiment though

all of Beowulf's victories due to God in Beowulf's eyes. even his death is not a sad event to him as he sees it as God's will

even in a boast, Beowulf equates the result of his actions as being the will of God. almost negates the concept of personal responsibility

again, origin being of Cain - evil begetting evil

one of the few times where fate is mentioned without being linked to God's will

repeated again, continuously reaffirming the evil of Grendel by siding him against God

"truth is established" - God is the declarer of what is and isn't true. reality itself is bent to God's will. Whoever is on the side of God is on the side of truth, therefore Beowulf = the truth

idols = paganism. first mention of the devil. "God they knew not" declaring them to be heathens.

insinuation that they deserve punishment because of their paganism

Cain, direct reference to Bible. awkward insertion of Christian narrative/origin. Evil begotten from one of the first sins. No mention of the devil, evil as something unfavorable to God

God-Father: God as creator, maybe taking place of Odin as father/creator of all beings.

"sent to solace the people" - god-sent, chosen, given divine status

.” It was customary during that time for men to take leave of women after dinner and go to a different room to smoke: "A gentlemen never smokes in the presence of ladies"(Pool, DanielWhat Jane Austen Ate and Charles Dickens Knewpp54-56 and http://chuma.cas.usf.edu/~runge/MasonJA1.html)

I found this interesting how the weather changed so quickly after King Edward took over the throne from Queen Victoria. As we know from the start of Chapter 5, the Victorian era was dark and gloomy. Now that it is a new chapter, it goes onto another era in time, when King Edward takes the power. With the rise of a new era, it also is a new birth for a brighter future and the country is becoming more and more modernized, but this is not really the case. This is interesting because how rapid the change is able to take place, showing how fast time is passing. The new era is completely different from the one before, contrasting with the Victorian times, as described by the biographer in this section, everything was brighter and the sky is no longer filled with gloomy cloud, but instead metals. The light serves as a guide for the people to move forward when the women were in aprons, showing how gender roles are changing. On the other hand, we associate light with something positive, but during this time,things were also shrink in size, like the amount of fertilized plants and family sizes.

The fraught United States presidential election cycle of 2016 has revealed a country divided along geographical and ideological lines. It has also bolstered a narrative of haves and have-nots, pitting the so-called coastal elites against “heartland” America.

Complexity Theory - Dynamical Systems Theory

If we want to make change we should come at a problem from as many different areas as possible.

We should be wary of the magic bullet. Complexity theory may be seen as post-structuralist or even further?

This is part of an agency structure debate.

There are varied factors that contribute to change.

The connections of neurons are more important than the number of cells are more important for consciousness or the mind. This is a good analogy for why complexity theory is so essential.

Consciousness emerges when critical mass is reached in a system.

It's hard to know how much of a factor something can be in a causal system. For example, how much do we cause do we attribute to butterfly wings causing a storm in India.

What causes change in the education system?

We need to use words like compounding effects to explain change.

We need to conceive of change in terms of speed and direction, like a mathematical function.

We need to be wary of one dimensional change or one kind of initiative. You need to think of multiple factors.

Effective intervention means intervention from every possible angle.

We need to pump resources until we have autocatalysis.

International Journal of Education Development Mark Mason

DFS Associates: So erreichen Sie Erfolg als Hersteller Vertreter

DFS Associates bereits ein paar Tipps für Ihre früheren Post in Bezug auf die zu einem Hersteller Vertreter und ordnungsgemäß die Arbeit, die Gruppe zielt nun darauf ab, einige hilfreiche Ratschläge, wie man erfolgreich zu sein auf dieser Karriere geben.

Die Gruppe ist der festen Überzeugung, dass Erfolg durch den Aufbau einer festen Beziehung zwischen den representative's Prinzipien des Herstellers und den Kunden plausibel ist. Ähnlich wie bei DFS Associates müssen Sie die Designs und Anforderungen Ihrer Kunden, die mit Ihren Produktlinien kompatibel sein sollten, sehr gut berücksichtigen. Es ist keine Überraschung, dass DFS die größten und besten Unternehmen in der Branche aufgrund ihrer umfassenden Verständnis und Kenntnis der Kundenbasis und Bedürfnisse vertreten kann.

Darüber hinaus hängt der Erfolg eines Hersteller Vertreters auch vom Erfolg des Herstellers und seiner Produkte ab. Bei der Darstellung eines Produkts oder einer Dienstleistung, müssen Sie intelligent über den Hersteller zuerst wissen und wie gesagt in früheren Post DFS, tun richtige Forschung in der Geschäftstätigkeit als gut.

Wenn das produzierende Unternehmen in den Vereinigten Staaten befindet, empfehlen wir Ihnen, Ihre benötigten Informationen durch die Better Business Bureau (BBB) Büro der Stadt des Herstellers zu erhalten, aber wenn es außerhalb der Vereinigten Staaten gefunden wird, dann wenden Sie sich an die professionelle Verband der Hersteller war ein Teil von. Sie können Herstellerverbände auf der ganzen Welt über die offizielle Website des internationalen Verbandes der Hersteller zu finden.

Zweitens, gehen Sie zu Ihrem örtlichen Bezirks Schreiber Büro, um Ihr Unternehmen zu registrieren und erhalten Sie Ihr Geschäft als oder DBA oder angenommen namens Zertifikat. Um Ihr Unternehmen zu integrieren, müssen Sie zu Ihrem Staatskontrolleur Büro gehen. Mit Ihrem DBA-Zertifikat oder Ihrem Gesellschafts Satz können Sie auch ein Geschäftsbankkonto über Ihre lokale Bank eröffnen.

Drittens, was auch immer das Geschäft ist, wird der Standort ein entscheidendes Element bleiben. Suchen Sie nach dem perfekten Standort bei der Eröffnung Ihres Unternehmens. Bereiten Sie Dokumente vor, die für den Erwerb von Telefon-und Breitbanddiensten erforderlich sind, und gehen Sie zu Ihrer lokalen Telefongesellschaft. Sie können auch Kontakt mit Ihrem lokalen Kabel-Unternehmen und erhalten ähnliche Dienste von Ihnen. Gestalten Sie Ihr Büro nach Ihrem bevorzugten Stil und mieten Sie zuverlässige Mitarbeiter.

Schließlich, wenn Sie Mitarbeiter haben oder wenn Ihr Unternehmen integriert ist, dann vergessen Sie nicht, ihre Arbeitgeber-Identifikationsnummer (ein) aus dem Internal Revenue Service (IRS) zu erhalten.

Als Schlussbemerkung möchte DFS Associates Sie daran erinnern, dass, egal welche Karriere Sie drängen in, immer träumen groß, hart arbeiten, konzentriert bleiben und umgeben Sie sich mit guten Menschen, um den Erfolg, den Sie träumen zu erreichen sind.

DFS Associates - Mitä valmistajan edustaja tekee?

Tämän jälkeen DFS Associates jakaa joitakin tapoja, miten tulla valmistajan edustaja. DFS on tunnettu yksi luotettava valmistajan edustavat yritykset RF-ja mikro aalto uuni tuotteita, joten voit luottaa niiden sanoja.

Yksinkertaisesti sanottuna, valmistajan edustaja voi olla henkilö tai pien yritys, joka kohdistuu edustaa valmistajan tuotteita ja palveluja markkinoilla. Voit päättää, edustavatko ne yhtä tai useita samanlaisten tuotteiden valmistajia samanaikaisesti. Sinun täytyy myös harjoitella sitoutumista on edustaja tietyn valmistajan myydä tuotteitaan muille yrityksille.

Jos olet todella kiinnostunut tulemaan yksi, sinun on ymmärrettävä olennaiset vaiheet edustavat erityisesti tai useita teollisuus yrityksiä. DFS Associates kannustaa sinua jatkamaan lukemista ja oppia muutamia asioita tulossa valmistajan edustaja.

Sinun täytyy harkita korkeakoulututkinnon kuin ensimmäinen. Jotkut voivat olla eri mieltä ja sanoa, että hyvä myynti kokemus on tarpeeksi tullut valmistajan edustaja, mutta se ei ole kyse näinä päivinä, joissa monet valmistajat haluavat antaa tätä työtä yksilöiden tilalla korkeakoulututkinnon.

Toiseksi, sinun täytyy työskennellä kovasti teidän tutkimusta. Julkinen kirjasto voi olla hyvä vaihto ehto etsii hyvää tietoa ja lähteitä, mutta Internet on laaja tietoa mistään, joten suosittelemme suorittamaan asianmukaisen tutkimuksen avulla Internet samoin. Te kanisteri varmasti hankkia avulias ilmianto jokseenkin tehtailija-lta eri hedelmä model after maailma aava höyty. Muista ymmärtää tärkeitä tietoja, kuten valmistajan tarjoamat tuotteet, eettiset ja korvaus paketin ja jopa tietää, kuinka monta vuotta on se ollut käynnissä liike toimintaa. Myös sen teollisuuden ja tulevaisuuden potentiaalin tunteminen ovat tärkeitä.

Kolmanneksi, sinun täytyy rakentaa hyvä suhde ammattilaisten kautta verkossa myös, ja että on mahdollista saada mukana eri online-yhteisöjä tai foorumeita, jotka keskittyvät niiden keskusteluja on valmistajan edustaja. Voit myös oppia lisää tärkeää tietoa ihmisiä ympäri maailmaa kautta online-keskusteluja. Älä anna mahdollisuutta tulla mukaan niiden konferenssien ohi, koska voit hyödyntää tätä oppia lisää tarjouksia eri valmistajilta. Hyödynnä myös muiden valmistajan edustajien henkilökohtaisia vihjeitä. Jos löydät valmistajien kanssa kiehtovia tuotteita ja palveluja, varmista, että on usein tietoa niiden uusimmat päivitykset ja uutiset.

Neljänneksi, Lähetä hakemuksesi oikein. Haluttaa aivan tehtailija sinun ' huvittaa jotta olla eritä-lta ja kuulla kuinka jotta oikein lennättää by ahkeruus jotta joka-lta heidät. Voit lähettää hakemuksen sähköpostitse, chattailuun alustoilla tai online-haku lomakkeet joidenkin valmistajien. On todellakin helpompi soveltaa näinä päivinä, koska suuri etu Inter netin ja sen langattoman yhteyden. Odotan koulutusta voit osallistua, kun hakemuksesi on hyväksytty.

Lopuksi, tee itsellesi osa eri ammatillisten järjestöjen, kuten valmistajien Agents National Association (Mana) ja valmistajien edustajat Educational Research Foundation (mrerf). Tietää, että myös tietosi oman kansallisen tieto kannan voi hyödyttää sinua, koska valmistajat yleensä käyttää niitä etsimässä luotettu tekijöille ja edustajille. Olla ajan tasalla niiden koulutus-ja sertifioinnit ohjelmia ja liittyä kunkin niistä niin usein kuin mahdollista tason ylöspäin taitosi ja luoda yrityksen mainetta luotettava valmistajan edustaja.

DFS Associates haluaisi sinun koskaan lopettaa oppimista, jotta voidaan tehdä työtä on valmistajan edustaja erittäin hyvin.

"I have, in the following little volume, collected a few of these, the Love-Songs of a single province merely, which I either took down in each county of Connacht from the lips of the Irish-speaking peasantry - a class which is disappearing with most alarming rapidity - or extracted from MSS, in my own possession, or from some lent to me, made by different scribes during this century, or which I came upon while examining the piles of modern manuscript Gaelic literature that have found their last resting-place on the shelves of the Royal Irish Academy." (iv)

The way Hyde makes reference to sources is casual and non-specific. It would be difficult for a reader to access his sources. Because we have such little insight, it is important to be alert to potential biases in the collecting and editing process.

If we can identify consistencies among the anthologized songs in terms of their depiction of love and lovers, and/or among songs which are excluded from the anthology, we will have reason to regard the very partial disclosure of sources with suspicion.

As I have already noted, part of Hyde’s project is to bring the reader into contact with language which has an ‘unbounded’ power to excite the Irish Muse. Perhaps part of the way he contrives this encounter is to control the kind of subject matter that will appear to the reader as that which occurs most naturally in the Irish language.

Summary Marquit begins by introducing us to the principal concern of philosophy of technology, which is how technological development influences societal organization and culture and how culture and society influence and drive technology. He then repeats the three theories of technological and societal relationships that Nye introduced us to last week. Technological determinism states that technology spontaneously evolves and that society must adapt to make efficient use of it. Second, technological advance is driven by human culture and cultural developments. Third, a mix of both of those views is the most generally held. Marquit makes the case that Human evolution is intertwined with technology and that technological, biological and societal interactions make up a kind of pyramid of forces that created the modern Human. Bipedality freed up our hands to use and create tools, while the need and ability to use tools may have driven us to develop brains large and capable enough to make use of the tools. Changes in the hand allowed for the use of tools, while the lowering of the larynx and decrease in canine teeth size enabled articulate speech which was another use of larger brains. Tools, intelligence and bipedality were critical in the move to humans as hunters. The first evidence of human hunting is from one-hundred-thousand years ago, an eight foot wooden spear found in an elephant. As a case-study for ancient hunting societies the Mbuti people of the Ituri rain forest in Zaire are a good example. Most of the people in the society participate in the hunt, and there is little hierarchical structure. There is much cooperation between ages and genders, especially in the important songs used for various reasons. Group members make decisions collectively, with the chief providing guidance in conflict, the shaman providing religious guidance, and singers and dancers serving important roles as well. The first major revolution in social organization associated with technological developments was in 10,000 B.C. with the advent of the city-state in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, India, Mesoamerica, and the Andes. The first sign of technological change involved the transition to complex foraging, society becoming more static with the ability to acquire a surplus of resources and store them. This gave rise to larger populations and allowed for some specialization. Social differentiation arises through the need for individuals to be in charge of administrative tasks. Structures are built to house goods and ceremonial structures hint at the possibility that leaders and central management were present. Eventually the state emerges as a bureaucratic institution and exerts control over resources. Needing a reason to justify this control, institutions are put in place based on morality and being enforced with the threat of physical violence. In 3300 B.C. bronze metallurgy is introduced in Mesopotamia and Egypt. The ability to create metal tools significantly increases productivity and harvest capability, leading to a surge in population and allowing for more specialized professions, including the first known specialization that is not related to the ruling bureaucracy or directly to food production, the blacksmith. Urban developments spring up as a result of these changes and society becomes stratified into state societies by the 4th century B.C. which are ruled by priest-kings. Later in the Middle East accounting for all the surplus supplies becomes critical and because of this need, mathematics, the first currency and the first written language, cuneiform is developed. Greeks as discussed in the last article, equated technology and physical labor as being lesser than theorizing about philosophy of mathematics. The Greeks also have slaves, so labor is much more efficient than implementing new technology. The Romans a few centuries later did innovate and had a much higher opinion of technology. They used their centralized power to build aqueducts, roads and grain mills. The Chinese in Asia, valued technology, science and writing very highly. As a result were much ahead of their western peers for a long time. The early move to a feudal system of a lord, taxation in the form of unpaid labor, and very centralized government however, stunted their growth, there was not enough free time available to the lower class and the middle class was caught up in serving the lords who were content with the system.

Response Marquit lays out the principal concern of philosophy of technology which is how technological development influences societal organization and culture and how culture and society influence and drive technology and I think this is the lens through which we should be looking at this article. The course dictates that we look at how this frames our relationship to technology which I think is complementary. Regarding the triangle or pyramid of society, biology and technology, I find this very relevant in today’s world. Soon technology and society may even more directly impact our biology. Indirectly our biology has been greatly shaped in recent years by modern medicine. In times past many of us with what are seen as minor health issues today would be dead or looked upon as detrimental to society, today many of these health issues are able to be corrected. In the near future the relationship with biology and technology/society will have a much more direct impact. As long as society allows, humans will begin augmenting themselves, if not at a dna level perhaps as implants, and it will be something to keep an eye on. I found the portion of the article relating to the formation of city-states and production and storage of excess products extremely interesting and important. The relationship between technology and society is really boiled down and almost purified in this moment. Society was so simple before we had excess food, there was little to no hierarchy and no social classes. We see a clear delineation between the time before and after humans started to settle down. The creation of modern society is seen in its’ infancy in this period and I think it can be a great place for me to study technology going forward. It surprised me how much studying history really taught me about how technology affects us today! I am happy that we will be studying more about Greek and Chinese society after this paper, because it seems brushed over compared with how much detail and growth we really see in the ancient Mesopotamian and Egyptian cultures within the article. I did find it interesting how these more modern (by comparison) groups were described as failures in Marquit’s opinion. The Greeks held themselves back by thinking of technology as a lesser endeavor, while the Chinese organized their society in such a way that they did not allow for growth, the lavish lifestyle of the upper class cramped the growth of their area.

William Carlos Williams criticism of The Waste Land-- "copyist tendencies," and "the traditions of plagiarism." from Spring and All. A common criticism.

Vedism and Brahmanism in Buddhist Literature, Srikant Bahulkar

Veda and Tantra In his paper, Prof. Bahulkar offers insight into how certain developments of Buddhist tantras were, a result of Buddhist interlocutors being embedded in constant conversation with and dependent upon the socio-cultural context of Indic Brahmanism and Vedic culture. He mentions many interesting linguistic details like the connection of Mañjuśrī to the concept of the muñja grass, the yogic practices implied by wearing a cord of muñja, and the relationship to Brahma (perhaps in terms of prajña as being, “tat tvaṁ asi”, as indicated in this Monday’s talk). While the most familiar narratives would have it that Mañjuśrī historiographically hailed from the Pancha Śirsa Parvat in China, Bahulkar writes that, “Buddhist tantric cults belong to the same Indian soil where (other) tantric cults emerged” indicating that they did not emerge outside of India, a position which reflects ongoing debates, often politicized considering present and shifting locations of borders, (Nepal and India for example, or Nepal and Tibet) that sometimes take center stage among scholars of tantra regarding the search for an ur-Buddhist tantra. This issue also comes up in my own research on Vajrayoginī and, while it is certainly very intriguing, it can perhaps detract from other fruitful questions which focus upon the detail and the variety of overlapping narratives in which Buddhist tantric traditions emerged and continued to evolve on Indian soil and elsewhere. I admit though, as tempting as it is to want to trace origins, especially considering the vast amount of research initiated by previous scholars in the field, local traditions which may contradict, being more relevant to the experiences of individuals than linear historical time frames, are also worth of scholarly attention. Bahulkar gives a synopsis of the arguments of Sanderson, who broadly supports Kasmiri Saiva origins and of Ruegg, who argues for the influence of local indigenous cults with the addition of Gray, who shows us how the situation is rather complex. Bahulkar certainly indicates how interconnected if not inseparable Veda, Bhrahmanical traditions, Buddhism and tantrism have been over the ages, and to many this, might not be surprising. Given the problematic categorizations of religions and their very political histories however, our own scholarly and linguistic frameworks of tantra, Buddhism, Hinduism, Vedism and indigeneity are often more problematic and also just as interesting as questions of chronology.

This is likely do to the reduced carbohydrate intake rather than increased fat intake. Since carbohydrates generally insulin sensitivity, it's likely that this additional insulin resistance is acting as a confounder (as well as, presumably, a standard deviation widener). Thus, I would expect similar results during hypocaloric carbohydrate restriction.

Irwin Consulting Services Review - Keep your home and family safe against wildfires with these tips

The wildfires reported this year conclude some of the biggest wildfires happened in different areas such as in Los Angeles, British Columbia, and Montana. Wildfires can leave a lot of destroyed homes and properties and even fatalities fast. Its furious flames can spread out on a large scale, making it difficult for firefighters and local authorities to get rid of it. It is often terrifying to witness a huge natural calamity taking place within your area and its results were indeed distressing to see. A wildfire and the path that it is going to take can’t be accurately predicted, which calls for utmost preparation to every household to avoid such grave danger.

But despite this, local authorities and various organizations from many places around the globe are committed to keeping the public safe from the threats of natural calamities. Irwin Consulting Services also belong to those who work hard for the public safety. This post was specifically prepared by them to help every household in keeping their home safe from wildfires.

Make adjustments to your roofs

Think about having rated “A” fire-resistant roofs to further protect your home. Roofs are undeniably the weak-spot of a house when it comes to fires so you must begin making better adjustments on it first. You must also clean the roof on a regular basis to avoid a lot of dead leaves piling up the place and being a fuel to fires.

Create changes to your windows

To better protect your home, your windows should be upgraded to become stronger against fires as well. Choose heat-resistant materials in doing upgrades to your windows. A wildfire that is not yet reaching your home can already show its effects through its extreme heat. That heat can enter the windows and create a fire on drapes and nearby furniture already. Irwin Consulting Services would like you to have fire-rated glasses on your windows and non-combustible shutters too.

Settle on a good location

Choose a convenient location to spend the rest of your lives with your family. Make sure that it is a safe neighborhood and is not prone to frequent fires. You are advised to conduct a thorough research to determine the best location for your family.

Put some modifications on the site layout

Ensure at least 30 meters of distance and incombustible material between the green lands and your home by having wider driveways, patios and low-growing fire-retardant plants. This way, you’re also helping firefighters in bringing their heavy and big equipment near your house in case of fire emergencies.

Maintain a clean surrounding around the green areas

Gather dead and decaying wood and put them away because such can fuel a fire. Get rid of fallen and dead branches too. Think about cutting the branches that were too close to your roof or overhangs it. Make cleaning around the green areas around your home a habit.

Be wary of embers

Eaves and vents openings were the most susceptible parts to flying embers. Once the embers entered through those parts, it could start a fire inside your home. In order to better protect your house, screen those openings and make sure they were properly maintained. Do not forget about cleaning the gutters as well.

Protect your home and your family to the best of your ability and always be prepared for immediate dangers of natural calamities. Trust organizations such as Irwin Consulting Group in helping local authorities in making sure of a safe neighborhood. But aside from their expertise, self-preparation and readiness could save and protect your entire family as well.

mtDNA CO1 is a gene found within the mitochondria, it is used to measure the genetic difference between organisms. A higher mean indicates a larger difference between two organisms, which is indicative of being a different species. (JP)

In general, this graph illustrates that as genetic distance between species increases (this is measured by Nei's D) then mtDNA divergence increases as well. Overall, compatibility between two different organisms will be less if they have high mtDNA divergence and a high Nei's D value. (JP)

Main subjects studied. Planktonic larva is significant in this study because larva shrimp would migrate to different regions of the Isthmus of Panama which may be a significant contributor to speciation events ~J.D.A. (+ JP)

Because of the long separation from one another, when some connection was established between either sides of the Isthmus, the shrimp pairs no longer had preferences to each other. Their extended sexual isolation probably had them adapted into altering their breeding behavior. ~J.D.A.

Species so closely related showed two differ clutches. Isolation could've been geographical, though nothing that could completely cut them off from each other since they are similar. If anything, this could infer that they could've been selective in mating, or aggressive in behavior to even mate, thus preventing creation of offspring between them. ~J.D.A

Basically, the null is rejected because it contradicts the observed data. The null states that isolation occurred around at the same time, but the observed data shows divergence indicators such as metabolic enzymes, mtDNA, and mate recognition, all of which are not associated at a single mechanistic basis required for concurrent divergence. ~S.Z.

P5-P6 pair were isolated from each other just before the final closing of the Panama seaway. This was due to shoaling of water and the environmental change that came with it. ~S.Z.

The physical location of the shrimp could effect the divergence associated with the gradual rise of isthmus. ~S.Z

The shrimp located closer to the sea floor had a slimmer chance of being pushed over the isthmus; therefore had a higher chance of isolation and divergence. ~S.Z.

The less compatible they are the more they have diverged. ~S.Z.

This paper contains discussion of species concepts and their application, morphological species characters and sibling species, biological properties of species, isolating mechanisms, hybridization, the variation and genetics of populations, storage and protection of genetic variation, the unity of the genotype, geographic variation, the polytypic species of the taxonomist, the population structure of species, kinds of species, multiplication of species, geographic speciation, the genetics of speciation, the ecology of speciation, and species and transpecific evolution. All of which can contribute a great deal to the topic of this paper. ~S.Z.

Supports that a physical barrier will increase the chances of divergence between species creating two or more sub-species decedents . ~S.Z.

Biological evidence supports an early and complex emergence of the Isthmus of Panama, Christine D. Bacon, PNAS, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1423853112

https://phys.org/news/2015-04-evidence-isthmus-panama-earlier-thought.html

According to phys.org, a newly published paper suggests that the Isthmus of Panama was formed earlier than conventionally believed. The article states that the isthmus was formed in a stop and go manner over 20 million years ago; meaning that migration of organisms could have also followed the same trend. If migration of animals between North and South America started earlier, then the minimum time required for strong reproductive isolation may actually be longer than 3.5 million years. (JP)

The authors performed a similarly designed experiment to the one cited here which was done on drosophila (flies). This is to show that there are other species that have undergone staggered isolation through similar or even different events. (DV)

The authors used this source as a bases to analyze the snapping shrimps mitochondrial DNA data and arrange the organisms in a phylogenetic tree as seen in figure 1. (DV)

The authors site this book as they are referring to the importance of having and maintaining genetic variation within a population. Also they might have utilized the mathematical theory of selection in a fluctuating environments, since the paper focuses on environmental and geographical changes affects on isolation. (DV)

Genetic divergence was observed to have occured at different moments when oceanic changes like the haulting of certain currents across the Panama seaway and the shallowing of certain areas. (DV)

Genetic divergence was observed to have occured at different moments when oceanic changes like the haulting of certain currents across the Panama seaway and the shallowing of certain areas. (DV)

The intolerant behavior that has been observed in snapping shrimp known as snapping is the production of a water jet created by the larger claw that creates a loud "pop" sound. Although, it has been discovered that the actual threat in this behavior is the subsequent shock wave that comes after the water jet. (DV)

Read more in Shrimp shootouts end with a shock wave bang: http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/10/shrimp-shootouts-end-shock-wave-bang?utm_campaign=news_daily_2017-10-30&et_rid=17774509&et_cid=1632982

The physical barrier created by the Isthmus of Panama prevented the exchange of genes; therefore, allowing the organism to develop differently on wither side of the barrier or diverge. (SZ)

Phosphorylation at T205 inhibits complex formation.

Phosphorylation at T205 on tau limits Amyloid beta toxicity.

From Fig. 3 the authors conclude that p38y reduces PSD-95/tau/Fyn complex formation by affecting PSD-95/Fyn interactions.

p38y was shown to inhibit the formation of complexes, but the addition of PTZ lowers the protective function of p38y.

The interactions that are required to form the complexes are reduced in mice with an active form of p38y, demonstrating that p38y may prevent complex formation.

An immunoprecipitation for PSD-95 was ran. The proteins that were associated with PSD-95 complexes also precipitated due being in a complex with PSD-95. The results show that tau and Fyn were contributing more to the PSD-95 complexes when p38y was not present.

Results show that more PSD-95/tau/Fyn complexes were in the brains of p38𝛾-/- vs. p38𝛾+/+. This shows that PSD-95/tau/Fyn complexes are associated Amyloid-beta induced excitotoxicity

p38y only protects agianst PTZ-induce siezures only when tau is present. A difference between p38y being present and p38 being absent is only seen in mice that have tau.

APP23.p38y+/+ mice survived longer and had performed better in water maze than APP23.p38y-/- mice. Also shown in the results is that APP23.p38y+/+.tau-/- vs. APP23.p38y-/-tau-/- mice, are statistically the same, suggesting that the protective effect of p38 comes from phosphorylating tau.

The APP23 deficits improved when tau was not present in mice.

The lack of p38y kinase did not negatively affect the movement and motor function of the mice.

APP23 mice that had p38y and did not have p38y displayed similar traits, but the deficits in mice that did not possess p38y kinase were worse.

The only knockout mouse that displayed a change associated with PTZ-seizures was p38y. Because p38y was the only one that influenced the results, it is the focus of all the experiments.

Promising Alzheimer’s ‘drug’ halts memory loss (https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130626184019.htm) I found this article interesting because it talked about p38 alpha. At the beginning of the article by Arne Ittner (2017) mice with depletion of p38 alpha, beta, gamma, and delta were all tested. Only p38 gamma depletion had an effect on PTZ seizures, so they tested p38𝛾 and its effect on mice with AD. This article from Northwestern University focuses on how p38 alpha becomes overactive in AD patients. Overactive p38 alpha leads to damage in the synapses by impairing glial cells protective abilities, disrupts the signal between neurons, and releases toxic molecules that can lead to more damage.

Discovery opens door to new Alzheimer’s treatments (https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/11/161117151205.htm) This article connected with our paper in many ways. Alzheimer’s patient have two things, protein plaques made from amyloid-beta, and tau tangles that are phosphorylated by the kinase. When tau is phosphorylated, it forms tangles. So we thought. What the study found is that when tau is initially phosphorylated, it is for protection. They focused on a protein kinase, p38𝛾, and found that is assists in phosphorylating tau and interferes with the amyloid-beta toxicity. When removed, Alzheimer's progresses. When reintroduced, it was therapeutic and helped halt Alzheimer’s progression.

The authors state, contrary to popular belief, that tau can play a protective role in limiting amyloid beta toxicity by interacting with p38γ. By phosphorylating specific sites tau can increase neuron survival and improve memory loss.

The data shows that the tau-/-.AAV tauWT and tau-/-.AAV tauT205A were the most susceptible to seizures and had the most severe seizures out of the four genotypes.

The results from previous experiments showed that neurons survived at higher rates when they had T205E and p38γ.

If p38y is completely inhibited, the complexes are stable.

The results of this experiment showed that p38γ helped to disrupt the PSD-95/tau/Fyn complexes through phosphorylation of T205.

p38y was shown to prevent the interactions required to form the complexes associated.

The results of the previous experiment showed that APP23p38𝛾-/- mice had decreased T205 phosphorylation compared to the APP23p38𝛾+/+, which had T205 phosphorylation.

Demonstrates that the complexes will not form if unless tau is present.

The protective qualities of p38y are dependent on tau being present. If tau is not present, amyloid-beta toxicity effects the cells the same, even if p38y is present.

Mice that had higher levels of tau were more susceptible to seizures.

Overall, every deficit associated with APP23 was made worse when p38y was not present.

From the results, the researchers can infer that the presence of p38𝛾 kinase has a protective ability that lessens the amount of seizure trains that occur due to Aβ density bodies

From the results conducted in the experiment, specifically the Fig. 1 G-J, mice that did not possess p38y were more sensitive to seizures

The only knockout mouse that was shown to cause a change in PTZ-induced seizures was p38𝛾. p38𝛾 was also the only kinase that was shown to localize in postsynapses between neurons.

After running the XP-EHH and iHS testing EGLN1 was determined to be a gene that was undergoing local positive selection. Meaning that the gene was currently providing an adaptive advantage to the person who had it, and was increasing in occurrence in that population.

https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/02/0224_040225_evolution.html Adaptations result in changed phenotype. As the Tibetan highlanders adapted to their high altitude environment, they underwent changes to their physiology as to better acclimate to their environment.

Overall, the decreased hemoglobin levels seen in the Tibetan highlanders may be the result of variants in PPARA and EGLN1 haplotypes. However, the decreased hemoglobin levels could a side effect of a currently unknown phenotype, which may be the actual target of natural selection.

Byrne's review focuses on the impacts of assemblage diversity on ecosystem functions.

This study acknowledges the impact of diversity on resource utilization and thus productivity, however the focus is on the characterization of multi-functionality.

Fissore's review argues that carbon sequester by forests in the mid-west can not off set fossil fuel based carbon dioxide emissions. The study compares hypothetical scenarios necessary to offset significant proportions of the carbon dioxide emissions by converting landscapes into carbon sequestering species.

Follett discusses the role organic soils play in the movement of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to the soil. This review characterizes terrestrial soils as carbon sinks which is important for crop management.

Reich compares the role of CO2 and N on species richness and functional group diversity.

This study compares the roles of functional group diversity and species richness has on biomass accumulation in an elevated carbon dioxide and nitrogen environment.

Sejo discusses the role species richness plays in effecting economic value.

This review puts emphasis on the role of biodiversity on marginal economic value represented as carbon storage for conservation efforts.

Fornara reviews the mechanisms that control carbon and nitrogen accumulation in soils.

The review covers the relationships between biodiversity and carbon and nitrogen accumulation in soils, with an emphasis on the c3 and c4 grasses.

Daniels reviews the role forests play in reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. His focus however is primarily advocating for including carbon sequester by forests into management plans or a cap-and-trade program.

The economic value of grassland species for carbon storage is one of the first papers to monetarily quantify the gain or loss of a species from an ecosystem. Even slight additions (as little as one additional species) to the current U.S. Department of Agriculture's Conservation Reserve program could save hundreds of millions of dollars.

Read more in Michigan News: http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/24732-diversity-dividends-the-economic-value-of-grassland-species-for-carbon-storage

SC

Barnosky discusses the events known as mass extinctions and compares the rates of extinction for these events to modern rates of extinction. PB

Grasslands with greater biodiversity were found to feature greater biomass than grasslands with fewer species diversity.

Read more in ScienceDaily: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/04/170419091536.htm

SC

This article by Hungate et. al applies its findings to the Conservation Reserve Program, attempting to estimate species richness of CRP. This article ( D. L. Carter, J. M. Blair, Recovery of native plant community characteristics on a chronosequence of restored prairies seeded into pastures in West-Central Iowa. Restor. Ecol. 20, 170–179 (2012). ) is cited, yet this cited paper specifically does not use CRP grasslands, suggesting an error on the part of Hungate et. al.

Read more at PrarieBotanist: https://prairiebotanist.com/2017/04/11/a-brief-comment-on-the-economic-value-of-grassland-species-for-carbon-storage/

SC

Each additional degree of species richness is worth less than the previous degree of richness in terms of economic value. Therefore, the economic value does not increase in direct proportion with the species richness, although they are correlated.

SC

Cardinale reviews the roles of primary producer biodiversity with respect to ecological processes critical to the functionality and health of terrestrial and marine ecosystems. PB

Villordo and peers (2015) studied the cycle of how mosquito viruses could quickly adapt to different human host environments. The changes in RNA structures were examined in the dengue virus during host adaptation. The researchers discovered that the 3’UTR of RNA is modified during host adaptation, such as duplicating the structure to accommodate for beneficial mutations.

Sakakibara and peers studied the Musashi-1 protein within a mouse and associated the protein with neural development. Musashi-1 was found to be highly enriched within the central nervous system of mammalian cells, regulate stem cell translation, and can differentiate into neurons through regulation.

Li and others (2016) hypothesized that ZIKV can infect not only developing neuronal stem cells, but also adult brain cells. The results seen were that adults can be affected by the ZIKV. The adult would need to be triply deficient in the regulatory factor for interferon to allow the virus to take hold of the stem cells in the brain.

Li and others (2016) hypothesized that ZIKV can infect not only developing neuronal stem cells, but also adult brain cells. The results seen were that adults can be affected by the ZIKV. The adult would need to be triply deficient in the regulatory factor for interferon to allow the virus to take hold of the stem cells in the brain.

Cugola et al., (2016) found that ZIKV infects fetuses, causes intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and causes signs of microcephaly in mice. Data demonstrated that the infection of ZIKV into human brain organoids reduced proliferation and disrupted cortical layers. This indicates that ZIKV is able to cross the placenta and cause microcephaly by inducing apoptosis in cortical progenitor cells.

It is interesting to note that all these subjects, so succinctly explained here, are all under the umbrella term "Physics" now. During Jefferson's time, there probably wasn't a standard of learning to follow, so he had to list out the specifics here. We've come far in that now mentioning to physics to someone with some schooling will mean them considering some of these things instead of just "the doctrine of Physical objects of our senses."

The authors of the Rockfish Gap Report recognized the need to create curriculum that focused on the moral/ethical implications of medical practice. The fact that the "extent & limits" of the practice is emphasized here demonstrates that there is more to care than simply repairing the body on an anatomical level, thus prompting the need for a more compassionate kind of care. The initial purpose of UVA's medical curriculum was to create a more compassionate pool of health-providers, and this vision persists today in programs like the nursing school's Compassionate Care initiative. This fully aligns with Jefferson's belief that students should focus on their area of study from a micro and macro level, synthesizing knowledge of the hard sciences with philosophical and ethical inquiry.

The development of the University was an incredible feat that I am sure many wanted to be a part of. John Robinson likely hoped to do some good in death by having his final legacy be contributing his land and slaves for the university's use. Though Lexington was not chosen as the site for the University, Robinson's willingness to donate the wealth he accumulated throughout his lifetime to UVA demonstrates the human tendency to be a part of a cause greater than who they are individually, thus in a sense defying death.

media is a tool to control people

Baking and Pastry Arts A.A.S.

The site that is phosphorylated by p38y was found to be important for reducing effects of AD. Demonstrates that the function of p38y is important, and the mere presence of p38y in the cell is not protective, it has to be functional.

The research found that the presence of p38y reduced the effects of AD in the mouse model.

Earlier in the year, researchers were using mollusks to derive a non addicting painkiller in the hopes of solving the U.S. opioid epidemic. Read more at salon: https://www.salon.com/2017/03/04/a-little-mollusk-may-lead-to-a-big-discovery-in-helping-solve-the-u-s-opioid-epidemic/ EM

Histone functions can go as far as being key gene silencers in normal embryo development. Read more in ScienceDaily: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/08/170830202141.htm EM

In Africa, there is a food crisis leaving millions of people without corn, a very important crop for Africa. The reason for these crops not being edible is that a certain species of worm invaded a field of corn and rapidly spread to neighboring farms, killing millions of corn crops leaving thousands hungry. This proves the point how insects differ from each-other depending on what type of plants are around, since this worm is always flocking to this one crop.

Link:A table showing variation in herbivore communities and relative abundance of leaf secondary metabolites

-Otniel Gonzalez

Leading supplier of industrial mixers, blenders and agitator systems for industrial process and chemical markets worldwide.

Side effects of phosphorylation

inhibition may have a short term positive effect

The steps that tau tangles interfere with in the transmittance of signals in the brain.

steps and relevance to Alzheimer's disea

From Table 1, the following sex-determining proteins display InL, InL(clock), and the p-value. These factors display the final calculations. From what the author first concluded, the InL(clock) values show that there is in fact a constant rate with which the proteins evolve. It is tested by the likelihood ratio tests based off the models of evolution defined. -Melanie

The levels of phosphorus in Lake Coeur d’Alene have doubled since the 1990's. This worries authorities about the potential growth in algae and increase in heavy metals in the lake.

Read more in The Spokesman-Review: http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2017/nov/15/phosphorus-pollution-flowing-into-lake-coeur-dalen/

A city releases water contaminated by agriculture which will have an adverse effect on local ecosystems.

Read more in Lawrence-Journal World: http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2017/nov/15/short-notice-citys-release-nitrogen-contaminated-w/

Poultry producer is fined by $1.4 million for polluting a local stream.

Read more in WJCT: http://news.wjct.org/post/live-oak-poultry-producer-environmental-groups-reach-deal-over-suwannee-river-pollution

William & Mary’s Virginia Institute of Marine Science are studying oysters to see if they could be used to reduce nitrogen levels.

Read more in the Williamsburg Yorktown Daily: https://wydaily.com/2017/11/05/study-suggests-oysters-offer-hot-spot-for-reducing-nutrient-pollution-tek/

Nutient pollution is affecting the production of fisheries in the ocean by creating dead zones in the ocean where there are low levels of oxygen.

Read more in the Iowa Public Radio: http://iowapublicradio.org/post/farmers-sea-say-livelihood-dying-midwest-ag-pollution#stream/0

An increase on nutrients in nearby river has led to an increase in the levels of algae in these rivers, some of these which are toxic to people.

Read more in nwi.com: http://www.nwitimes.com/business/toxic-algae-once-a-nuisance-now-a-severe-nationwide-threat/article_2b1decfa-43c9-5d80-bf64-173e51a95248.html

This article discusses the effect the addition of nutrients has on an aquatic ecosystem. Originally the author hypothesized an increase of energy transfer from prey to predators because of the increase of nutrients. However, this did not occur because the increase in nutrient led to an increase of predator resistant prey.

This article discusses how an increase in nutrients affects the levels of coarse and fine organic litter. It was observed that there were higher levels of fine organic material which led to an increase in bacteria. However, in the stream with no nutrients added to it, there was an increase in both fungal and bacterial communities.

This article demonstrates how the addition of nitrogen and phosphorus led to an increase in the production of fine organic compound by more than 300%. The article also mentions that this increase in fine organic compound will have an effect on the entire ecosystem in that area in the long term.

This article discusses the importance of terrestrial litter on an aquatic ecosystem. It was observed that organisms that lived in the stream that was being tested were affected the most by the absence of litter and the same effects could be observed throughout the entire ecosystem. However, terrestrial fauna was not affected meaning that it got its carbon from another source.

This article mentions the that the rate at which inland water sources release carbon dioxide is equivalent to the rate at which carbon is absorbed by the ocean. Methane is also being release in higher levels from lakes which are beginning to thaw because of increasing temperatures from global warming.

This experiment was a pan-European research of more than 100 streams in multiple European countries. It helped determine the importance of litter breakdown and states that countries should begin to consider the importance of regulating nutrient levels in aquatic ecosystems.

This article discusses the respiration rate of an aquatic ecosystem and uses it to determine patterns of activity found within a river during different seasons. It was observed that there were higher levels of respiration when there were was more organic carbon in the river.

This article focuses on how nutrients affect the growth of primary producers. The factors that were observed to have the highest effects on the ecosystems were nitrogen and phosphorus levels.

This article discusses how the addition of nutrients in an aquatic ecosystem affects secondary production. It was noted that there was an increase in secondary consumers most likely caused because of an increase in prey. There was also an increase of secondary consumer predators. It is mentioned that the increase of nutrients in the two years the survey was done resulted in positive effects for the secondary consumers, however, this might eventually change as the carbon levels in the ecosystem begin to decline because of the higher nutrient levels.

This article discusses how human practices have led to a increase of nitrogen levels in lakes. The article also mentions that an increase of phosphorus in lakes resulted in the extraction of higher levels of nitrogen. However, the author also states that laws pertaining to the concentration of phosphorus in aquatic habitats should not be removed or relaxed because phosphorus can also have a negative effect on an ecosystem if found in high concentrations.

An interesting case where Stephen’s tone might have drowned a useful discussion. FWIW, flexible roles and permissions are among the key things in my own personal “spec list” for a tool to use with learners, but it’s rarely possible to have that flexibility without also getting a very messy administration. This is actually one of the reasons people like WordPress.

In this study, the researchers found some questions as to whether the two species of C. jimenezii could be grouped with the same taxa.

Upon meeting with the author, it was stated that the molecular tools used, found a large amount of differentiation. This was not what the authors hoped and in turn was concluded that they were to remain in separate taxa.

RA

Genetic conservation of this population is important due to the few individuals left in Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

Upon meeting with the author, the difficulty of finding the purebred species was discussed as were the methods.

RA

The authors concluded based off of the molecular data, that the two species of C. jimenezii could not be identified as two different taxa.

RA

Since the extinction of C. jimenezii is of primary concern, the authors grab resources from other works to help solidify this concept. It is clear that the conservation of this species is vital to this study.

RA

segundo archivo

cita 1

Camacho, Oliva, and Serbus explain the relevance of parasitic Wolbachia being detrimental to the growth and oocyte growth of the Drosophila.

GG

The information presented in this paper explores how the information presented by Camacho, Oliva, and Serbus is relevant. It states that according to the endosymbitic behavior of Wolbachia, the susceptibility of the host organism to viral RNA infections may be diminished due to the resistance of Wolbachia to those viral RNA infections.

GG

Camacho, Oliva, and Serbus demonstrate how macronutrients mediate the functional relationship between Drosophila and Wolbachia, by using sucrose and its dietary variants to create an environment allowing the Drosophila to thrive and the Wolbachia to proliferate within the Drosophila.

GG

Camacho, Oliva, and Serbus used a previously published article from Serbus to delve into the specifics of how the host diet impacts Wolbachia titer.

GG

Camacho, Oliva, and Serbus further explored how the Wolbachia titer increased depending on the type of sugar product fed to the Drosophila.

GG

Camacho, Oliva, and Serbus used the knowledge presented in this article to maximize the efficacy of the consumption of the varied glucose by Drosophila.

GG

While Camacho, Oliva, and Serbus specified which interactions between bacterial symbionts and their hosts. The mechanism by which this interaction occurs is still unclear.

GG

Camacho, Oliva, and Serbus further explore a topic primarily researched by Serbus on how Drosophilaovaries are modified by Wolbachia.

GG

Camacho, Oliva, and Serbus review the contributions made by authors regarding the transfer and survival/ compatibility of Wolbachia in various environments.

Camacho, Oliva, and Serbus further investigate the effects of Wolbachia on Drosophila in a high or low sucrose concentrated environment.

GG

Camacho, Oliva, and Serbus reviewed articles that explored how cholesterol affects Wolbachia, while further questioning how this may improve the overall pathogenic blocking capabilities of their host.

GG

Depending on which sugars are fed to Drosophila, the Wolbachia oocytes may change in size and concentration. The wMel Wolbachia used in this experiment shares a parasitic relationship with the Drosophila.

What does this mean for the growth of Drosophila fed these sweet tastants? What would the effects of an increased Wolbachia titer in the Drosophila be? How does this occur? What are the longterm effects of the Wolbachia invasion in the Drosophila.

How Wolbachia proliferation in Drosophila oocytes changes depending on a variety of dietary sucrose tastants

GG

The conclusion explains why they investigated what standards an invertebrate must reach to be tested for a successful genome sequencing. The researchers also add that geneticists could choose another option than searching an organism that meets their criteria. This option is sequencing organisms and modeling them for another organism. This would allow the geneticist to understand the other organism by having an idea of how the genome functions.

The researchers also state a challenge faced by the science community is understanding the data they collect from the genome sequence, apart from also gathering the sequences. They state the research they do will help advance knowledge about invertebrate genomes by providing the necessary tools to investigate the sequences. (NAJ)

Biological evidence supports an early and complex emergence of the Isthmus of Panama, Christine D. Bacon, PNAS, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1423853112

https://phys.org/news/2015-04-evidence-isthmus-panama-earlier-thought.html

According to phys.org, a newly published paper suggests that the Isthmus of Panama was formed earlier than conventionally believed. The article states that the isthmus was formed in a stop and go manner over 20 million years ago; meaning that migration of organisms could have also followed the same trend. If migration of animals between North and South America started earlier, then the minimum time required for strong reproductive isolation may actually be longer than 3.5 million years. (JP)

The formation of the Isthmus of Panama has been attributed to the ceasing of currents and changes to the depths of certain areas and levels of sand. It has been reinforced by a similar and more recent research that these changes are some of the major influences of divergence within the snapping shrimps species. (DV)

Read more in New dates and new rates for divergence across the Isthmus of Panama: http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/265/1412/2257

The generation types (ex. F1, F2, etc.) and population size were taken into account for each shrimp pair. These factors were found to not support the phenomenon of divergence among shrimp pairs because no differences were found. ~J.D.A.

Supports that a physical barrier will increase the chances of divergence between species creating two or more sub-species decedents . ~S.Z.

This paper contains discussion of species concepts and their application, morphological species characters and sibling species, biological properties of species, isolating mechanisms, hybridization, the variation and genetics of populations, storage and protection of genetic variation, the unity of the genotype, geographic variation, the polytypic species of the taxonomist, the population structure of species, kinds of species, multiplication of species, geographic speciation, the genetics of speciation, the ecology of speciation, and species and transpecific evolution. All of which can contribute a great deal to the topic of this paper. ~S.Z.

The less compatible they are the more they have diverged. ~S.Z.

The shrimp located closer to the sea floor had a slimmer chance of being pushed over the isthmus; therefore had a higher chance of isolation and divergence. ~S.Z.

The physical location of the shrimp could effect the divergence associated with the gradual rise of isthmus. ~S.Z

P5-P6 pair were isolated from each other just before the final closing of the Panama seaway. This was due to shoaling of water and the environmental change that came with it. ~S.Z.

Basically, the null is rejected because it contradicts the observed data. The null states that isolation occurred around at the same time, but the observed data shows divergence indicators such as metabolic enzymes, mtDNA, and mate recognition, all of which are not associated at a single mechanistic basis required for concurrent divergence. ~S.Z.

The physical barrier created by the Isthmus of Panama prevented the exchange of genes; therefore, allowing the organism to develop differently on wither side of the barrier or diverge. (SZ)

Because of the long separation from one another, when some connection was established between either sides of the Isthmus, the shrimp pairs no longer had preferences to each other. Their extended sexual isolation probably had them adapted into altering their breeding behavior. ~J.D.A.

There are indeed many oppositions to anything. And of course a lot to this important issue of establishing a university. It is rather interesting to see in this report some of the rooted mindsets and values that used to be the norm for the society. Things like the uselessness of learned science and dispute over private and public education are really different from what we currently hold true: we currently value heavily on science and applied science. These differences show the trace of evolution in our society, either in a good or a bad way. It is the most important information we can get—the background knowledge that set the tongue for the past views or opinions. Moreover, since this university was erected in the long history, values or visions have been changing and need to continuously change to follow the globe. Otherwise, we will fall behind and lose our competitiveness as a global force. -- Haoyu Li

Ednrb antagonists could potentially be used for the treatment of melanoma. Read more: www.theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/content/20/10/1121.full.pdf (DB)

Exposure to UV radiation increases the risk of melanoma development. Read more: www.skincancer.org/media-and-press/press-release-2013/kids (DB)

The progression of cancer is characterized by features that can be seen during development. Read more: https://www.cancerquest.org/cancer-biology/cancer-development (DB)

A big tuna (large body size) requires more energy which means it needs to feed from a higher amounts of prey or big preys. Consequently, the heat production is higher provoking a thermal excess. YS & WT

Lower energy intake during migrations - M.A.S