Assumptions about adult learners

Definition of Adult Learner

Maybe adult ADHD != ADHD as manifested in childhood.

Jones, B., Wardman, L., & Tinkler, L. (2021, September 3). Coronavirus vaccine hesitancy in younger adults—Office for National Statistics. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/healthandwellbeing/articles/coronavirusvaccinehesitancyinyoungeradults/june2021

https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Ackerknecht&stable=1

This was common at the time - someone had to step up to play mother / become the lady of the house. Fanny Knight (Austen's niece) did it. This would be considered parentification now. (Definition "the assumption of a parentlike (or adult) role by a child.")

Dr Dominic Pimenta [@DrDomPimenta]. (2021, December 15). An illustration of communicating risk with “less severe” variants: [Thread] Assume Omicron is 4x more transmissible than Delta. [1] Assume Omicron leads to 1/3 less admissions than Delta. [Figure below] Assume 1 in 100 cases of Delta are admitted to hospital. Https://t.co/XtnVwoOrUo [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/DrDomPimenta/status/1471094002808242177

ReconfigBehSci. (2022, January 18). RT @Atipico1996: @EnemyInAState Spain has also joined the grim list. Https://t.co/UsciuF45sf [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1483495626683957250

Yonker, L. M., Boucau, J., Regan, J., Choudhary, M. C., Burns, M. D., Young, N., Farkas, E. J., Davis, J. P., Moschovis, P. P., Bernard Kinane, T., Fasano, A., Neilan, A. M., Li, J. Z., & Barczak, A. K. (2021). Virologic Features of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in Children. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 224(11), 1821–1829. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab509

Dr Daya Sharma 😷🥽💨🧼💉💉. (2021, October 30). Some of the UK JCVI deliberations are deeply disturbing, eg arguing against childhood vax so that they can get infected & boost immunity in adults. Also imply that vax doesn’t have an individual benefit! 🤯 How much of this warped thinking is present in Australia? #COVID19Aus https://t.co/o887d2etcW [Tweet]. @DrDayaSharma. https://twitter.com/DrDayaSharma/status/1454418003429183492

Prof. Gavin Yamey MD MPH. (2021, October 30). “Circulation of COVID-19 in childhood could therefore periodically boost immunity in adults through exposure” When I say childhood vax ALSO benefits adults, folx say “you can’t use benefits to adults in your argument!” JCVI uses benefits to adults of letting kids get infected 👀 [Tweet]. @GYamey. https://twitter.com/GYamey/status/1454433823085715461

ReconfigBehSci. (2021, October 30). Does there maybe need to be more distinction between points raised for discussion and any actual decision? Without knowing about votes etc., it’s maybe a bit strong to say ‘JCVI wanted x...’? I’ve sat on many bodies with minutes documenting positions I disagreed with [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1454488759785897987

Alasdair Munro. (2021, October 31). There is nothing new about this idea at all In fact, this is one of the reasons we don’t vaccinate children against chicken pox in the UK It is a totally reasonable thing to include as a point of discussion https://nhs.uk/conditions/vaccinations/chickenpox-vaccine-questions-answers/ 2/ https://t.co/oCrf0nX5rc [Tweet]. @apsmunro. https://twitter.com/apsmunro/status/1454792162000916481

ReconfigBehSci. (2021, October 31). isn’t that part of the concern? Listing as potential negatives against vaccination population level benefits such as ‘boosting’ adults is not that, right? [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1454845994089201669

Deepti Gurdasani. (2021, November 1). No- the statement explicitly talks about infection in children being a ‘booster’ to adults i.e. Children infecting adults to protect them against... Infection!🤔 I don’t think there’s any level of cognitive gymnastics that could justify this or make sense of it. [Tweet]. @dgurdasani1. https://twitter.com/dgurdasani1/status/1455106192112500736

Seth Trueger. (2021, September 14). Https://t.co/LFZ3xWkYYY [Tweet]. @MDaware. https://twitter.com/MDaware/status/1437780952890191878

Simone, A., Herald, J., Chen, A., Gulati, N., Shen, A. Y.-J., Lewin, B., & Lee, M.-S. (2021). Acute Myocarditis Following COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination in Adults Aged 18 Years or Older. JAMA Internal Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.5511

Hippisley-Cox, J., Coupland, C. A., Mehta, N., Keogh, R. H., Diaz-Ordaz, K., Khunti, K., Lyons, R. A., Kee, F., Sheikh, A., Rahman, S., Valabhji, J., Harrison, E. M., Sellen, P., Haq, N., Semple, M. G., Johnson, P. W. M., Hayward, A., & Nguyen-Van-Tam, J. S. (2021). Risk prediction of covid-19 related death and hospital admission in adults after covid-19 vaccination: National prospective cohort study. BMJ, 374, n2244. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2244

Prof. Devi Sridhar. “Rest of the World Watching Closely: ‘In Scotland, Estimated That 92.5% of Adults Would Have Tested Positive for Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 on a Blood Test in the Week Beginning 12 July 2021’- Is This Enough to Dampen Transmission & Protect under 12s from Infection? Under 18s?” Tweet. @devisridhar (blog), August 4, 2021. https://twitter.com/devisridhar/status/1422852550957617157.

Bixler, D. (2020). SARS-CoV-2–Associated Deaths Among Persons Aged 21 Years — United States, February 12–July 31, 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6937e4

Céline Gounder, MD, ScM, FIDSA. (2021, May 7). 6/ Many young Americans want to ‘wait & see.’ But they also want to do what their friends are doing. If you’re a teen or 20-something (or really anyone), be a role model! Take that selfie pic/video when you get vaccinated and post it online. Https://t.co/rB2zPmm4aK [Tweet]. @celinegounder. https://twitter.com/celinegounder/status/1390786119374184452

Conor Kelly. (2021, July 14). Correlation between vaccination coverage and COVID hospitalizations per million over time, by state https://t.co/g6AMTDXOzb [Tweet]. @CohoKelly. https://twitter.com/CohoKelly/status/1415310919266095113

Margot Kushel MD on Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved 15 July 2021, from https://twitter.com/MKushel/status/1415109211969638407

Iacobucci, G. (2021). Covid-19: Local councils initiate surge vaccination to tackle B.1.617.2 variant. BMJ, 373, n1361. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n1361

Federici, S., Lepri, A., Mencarelli, A. C., Zingone, E., Leonibus, R. D., Acocella, A. M., & Giammaria, A. (2021). The sexual experience of Italian adults during the COVID-19 lockdown. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/s9muj

Nurit Nobel. (2021, April 19). Meanwhile, in Europe... 🦗 [Tweet]. @nuritnobel. https://twitter.com/nuritnobel/status/1384121792122425345

Jacobson Vann, J. C., Jacobson, R. M., Coyne‐Beasley, T., Asafu‐Adjei, J. K., & Szilagyi, P. G. (2018). Patient reminder and recall interventions to improve immunization rates. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2018(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003941.pub3

Schmitt, H.-J., Booy, R., Aston, R., Van Damme, P., Schumacher, R. F., Campins, M., Rodrigo, C., Heikkinen, T., Weil-Olivier, C., Finn, A., Olcén, P., Fedson, D., & Peltola, H. (2007). How to optimise the coverage rate of infant and adult immunisations in Europe. BMC Medicine, 5, 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-5-11

RSPH. (n.d.). Moving the Needle: Promoting vaccination uptake across the life course. Retrieved February 6, 2021, from https://www.rsph.org.uk/our-work/policy/vaccinations/moving-the-needle-promoting-vaccination-uptake-across-the-life-course.html

Thomson, A., Robinson, K., & Vallée-Tourangeau, G. (2016). The 5As: A practical taxonomy for the determinants of vaccine uptake. Vaccine, 34(8), 1018–1024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.11.065

Older Adults Maintain Emotional Advantage Amid COVID-19. (n.d.). Association for Psychological Science - APS. Retrieved 24 February 2021, from https://www.psychologicalscience.org/publications/observer/obsonline/older-emotional-advantage.html

Ebrahimi, O. V., Johnson, M. S., Ebling, S., Amundsen, O. M., Halsøy, Ø., Hoffart, A., … Johnson, S. U. (2021, April 25). Risk, Trust, and Flawed Assumptions: Vaccine Hesitancy During the COVID-19 Pandemic. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/57pwf

Myers, L. B., & Goodwin, R. (2011). Determinants of adults’ intention to vaccinate against pandemic swine flu. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-15

Schwarzinger, M., Flicoteaux, R., Cortarenoda, S., Obadia, Y., & Moatti, J.-P. (2010). Low Acceptability of A/H1N1 Pandemic Vaccination in French Adult Population: Did Public Health Policy Fuel Public Dissonance? PLOS ONE, 5(4), e10199. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010199

Stout, M. E., Christy, S. M., Winger, J. G., Vadaparampil, S. T., & Mosher, C. E. (2020). Self-efficacy and HPV Vaccine Attitudes Mediate the Relationship Between Social Norms and Intentions to Receive the HPV Vaccine Among College Students. Journal of Community Health, 45(6), 1187–1195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-020-00837-5

Gupta, R. K., Marks, M., Samuels, T. H. A., Luintel, A., Rampling, T., Chowdhury, H., Quartagno, M., Nair, A., Lipman, M., Abubakar, I., Smeden, M. van, Wong, W. K., Williams, B., & Noursadeghi, M. (2020). Systematic evaluation and external validation of 22 prognostic models among hospitalised adults with COVID-19: An observational cohort study. MedRxiv, 2020.07.24.20149815. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.24.20149815

Rockowitz, S., Stevens, L., Colloff, M., Smith, L., Rockey, J., Ritchie, J., Kanja, W., Cotton, J., & Flowe, H. D. (2020). Patterns of Violence Against Adults and Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Kenya. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/265nq

Study Identifies Risk Factors for Elevated Anxiety in Young Adults During COVID-19 Pandemic. (2021, February 12). National Institutes of Health (NIH). https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/study-identifies-risk-factors-elevated-anxiety-young-adults-during-covid-19-pandemic

The authors spend time noting and comparing new perspectives between andragogy and pedagogy. The authors compare teaching strategies and personality types. They conclude by defining several rules observed for e-learning in adult education.

Rating: 7/10

Note: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1013743

(Click Download full text to read.) In this brief article, the authors contrast the child and adult learner. Highlighting the adult learner's characteristics, the article further discusses factors that might affect the individual learning style. Furthermore, the authors discuss these styles in the context of eLearning (extravert, introvert, sensory type, intuitive adult, reflexive type, affective type, rational type, and perceptive type). Each learning type and preferred eLearning method is illustrated (Table 1, p. 60). Rationale for the implementation of eLearning is detailed (p. 61). Guidelines for the use of eLearning is discussed. (6/10)

So I selected this article because I needed to clearly define the population for my research. I have encountered adult learners- some clearly have goals; not those... However, there are those who are at the low end who have so many things going on in their life...

Dennis, A., Wamil, M., Kapur, S., Alberts, J., Badley, A. D., Decker, G. A., Rizza, S. A., Banerjee, R., Banerjee, A., & Investigators, O. behalf of the C. study. (2020). Multi-organ impairment in low-risk individuals with long COVID. MedRxiv, 2020.10.14.20212555. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.14.20212555

Great perspectives about adult learners. Will definitely utilize this resource.

Older students (over 25) are often changing careers. They tend to have more responsibilities than traditional college students, and a lower threshold for micro-frustrations like bureaucracy, form. Colleges should accommodate them with things like digital signatures and virtual meeting availability. Technology should be platform-agnostic for them (and everyone). 5/10

(Available as transcript or podcast.) This article reviews the definition of the adult learner, identifying their particular learning needs and challenges. Considerations and recommendations for implementing technology are discussed (agnostic software, alleviate micro-frustrations). 5/10

I have read about these five assumptions in prior journal readings.

This is also useful information about LMS and Web 2.0 technology. I feel that it can provide my research additional information about diverse adult learners.

Research skills involve complex, higher order tasks, and they take long-term efforts to learn well. Adult students are better able to do research than younger students do. They need to learn how to understand the different sources available, formulate good questions, learn more advanced database searching skills, and hone their critical thinking skills. Instead of assigning a research paper, instructors should assign each step of the paper so that they can help students properly master the whole process. 8/10

Adult Learners do represent a mixed age group. For that reason, I am learning more about the population by reading this article about ages over 65.

Adult Learning often takes place within walls or in front of a computer screen this can lead to health problems. This article offers reasons and methods for getting adults outdoors and using Universal Design. Outdoor learning can be used to complement digital learning.

Give practical information and tips for teaching adults.

I really like how I have this piece of "evidence " that apparently is so tangible. Things like this I place in a visible area for my adult learners to see.

Hone, T., Mirelman, A. J., Rasella, D., Paes-Sousa, R., Barreto, M. L., Rocha, R., & Millett, C. (2019). Effect of economic recession and impact of health and social protection expenditures on adult mortality: A longitudinal analysis of 5565 Brazilian municipalities. The Lancet Global Health, 7(11), e1575–e1583. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30409-7

Engaging adult learners requires an understanding of their motives. Tapping the motivation of the individual learner is the key to fostering high engagement levels. This article offers four key areas to consider and take action on. Rating 8/10

There are many ideas regarding adult learning theory. Understanding andragogy, experiential learning, and transformational learning will help course creators provide better outcomes for adult learners. Rating 7/10

Accommodating adult learners expectations, demands, and challenges in eLearning design will foster better engagement. Utilizing the four step method known as AGES provides a model effective adult learning. Rating 8/10

A followup to studies of community college students in Virginia and Washington, this national study found that students who enrolled in online classes early in their college careers were more likely to complete their degrees. This was true even though students in online classes are somewhat less prepared than those in in person classes. One difference may be that this study was published a few years after the Virginia one, and more students were enrolled in online classes by then. 9/10

A school system that extends to adult education utilizes online apps as an option (but doesn't require internet access, as many people lack it at home). They have found them to be helpful, especially because people who work odd shift jobs and have burst of time at odd hours can get some practice in. This is most helpful for ESL learners. 6/10

This article applies the principles of andragogy, self directed learning, experiential learning, transformational learning, and neuroscience (all of which seem rather similar), to low-skilled adults, who are likely to lack confidence about learning and who may be learning in bits of free time via cell phone. Emphasizes the importance of an instructor or coach, along with good use of technology. 8/10

Fidishun, a librarian and Penn State's satellite campuses, expands Knowles' 6 assumptions of andragogy, and draws out some of their implications for technology-based instruction for adults. This is short and to the point, but readers would benefit from the writer going into greater details. 7/10

The author, Delores Fidishun, is the Head Librarian at Penn State Abington College and holds a doctorate in education. This article proposes that just adding technology to instruction is not enough. It must be intentional. Fidishun summarizes six assumptions of andragogy which include the learner's need to know, the learner's self-concept, the role of the learner's experience, a student's readiness to learn, the student's orientation to learning, and the student's motivation to learn.

Rating: 7/10

Global Covid report: Young and healthy may not get vaccine until 2022, WHO says. (2020, October 15). The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/15/global-covid-report-young-and-healthy-may-not-get-vaccine-until-2022-who-says

This looks at the application of technology in career and technical education programs for adults. It looks at how and how often technology is used in these programs. 8/10, interesting and focused on technical education unlike most articles.

This article talks about why, when institutions have prioritized and invested a lot of money in teaching adults to utilize technology in the classroom, there are very little successful instances of integration of technology in classrooms. 5/10, not particularly interesting to me and targeted towards a specific group of adult learners.

This article uses educational theory to examine why educators feel anxiety in association with learning and using new technologies and how best to teach new technologies without triggering anxiety. 7/10, good discussion of theories and methods along with reasoning.

This article presents a model of technology integration at the system level formed around mentoring. It focuses on effective methods of teacher professional development in the area of technology integration and discusses overcoming various obstacle teachers face during adult learning/ education. 6/10, very narrow focus of adult learners.

This article examines the effectiveness of learning communities to support integration of technology into classrooms and effective teacher growth in the area of technology proficiencies. 5/10, learning community findings are useful but this source is very targeted towards a specific group of adult learners.

This article looks at individual adult learning in technological spaces. It speaks about using appropriate andragogical platforms for adult education. 8/10 interesting and highly related to this class.

This article focuses on using adult education theory to integrate technology into vocational education. This expands adult learning opportunities to community colleges and trade schools. 8/10 interesting and different from an equity and accessibility standpoint.

This article emphasizes the importance of creating online programs that have learning objectives that correspond to learners' real-world needs. It examines Knowles' Andragogical Model to provide guidelines for incorporating adult learning principles into course design. 10/10, very good blend of strategy and theory.

This article examines and gives bit of information from a book covering the intersection of adult learning and technology innovation. 4/10, while there is information here it is certainly not the entire book and therefore incomplete. It does serve as a quick and accessible alternative for those seeking the books information but lacking the time/ access to read the book.

This article looks at yet another new technology that has the potential to revolutionize the adult learning field. It examines the results of teaching educators about digital game design for technology integration. It looked at integrating this technology into science classrooms in particular. 9/10, very interesting new technology with lots of potential implications in the adult learning field.

This article is on the cutting edge of educational technology. It discusses the potential benefits of augmented or enriched reality in education. While this article focuses on studies conducted using teaching practices in a college classroom with college students, it is reasonable to assume that this technology would have great potential for adult education too. 9/10 extremely exciting and interesting potential future technology for adult education.

This article (or at least the section of it presented here) describes one institutions 5-phase model of virtual learning . It examines the state of teacher preparation and professional development in terms of technology and determines that while progress is being made, it is slow and needs to be implemented and focused on more. 4/10, the article itself is not great but it does include an extensive list of references that may be of use later.

This article examines the potential to connect academic with knowledge learned through life and career experience using technology and other traditional methods. Challenges and best practices are presented and all levels of individual and institution are included in the discussion. Rating 8/10. Very interesting idea and cool how many levels of organization are included.

This article looks at the gap between teacher efficiency in in-person versus online teaching and the need to effectively build teachers' competencies in the are of technology to ensure teachers are not incompetent at teaching online. This study collected data from 122 English language teachers and used the findings to create a blueprint for other institutions hoping to increases teachers' ability to successfully integrate technology into their lessons. 6/10, the study was too small to be truly persuasive scientifically and the findings were more helpful for institutions rather than individual educators.

In this article both socratic and invisible integration approaches of technology in adult education are examined in an effort to propose a framework for future adult learning communities. Rating is 2/10, this article is much older than anticipated (somehow snuck through the date filter) and was rather outdated given how much technology has changed.

This article takes on the challenge of investigating what role social media technologies have in adult learning/ their impact on learning outcomes for adult learners. The data showed that social media technologies follow similar patterns to other educational tools. Teaching method used in conjunction with the technology matters significantly. This being said, the article does make several recommendations for using social media in the classroom to boost adult learning outcomes. 10/10 interesting and relevant article with easy to find and utilize recommendations educators could implement.

This article details how to build an innovative online learning environment using methods based on influential adult learning theories. These theories include Social Development Theory, Behaviorism, Critical Reflection and Nurturing the Soul. 10/10, many theories throughly discussed.

The Article often compares Andragogy to Pedagogy and how they are different and should not be confused. The Article goes in depth into core assumptions of Andragogy.

8/10

A look at what Googles G2G (Googler-to-Googler) training program is about. It is a short infographic that describes methods that the program uses.

7/10

This is an interview with a google employee about what she does to keep Google heading in the right direction for the development and learning of its employees.

9/10

Interesting read about what top tech companies are doing to promote a growth mindset within their company. From Google to Amazon each company has a different approach that is working for them.

7/10

The article focuses on why the cross training practice Disney implements is an effective model and lists its 5 key benefits.

8/10, its not to in-depth but it provides a great starting point for adult learning in a company.

This article by Steve Glaveski reviews common problems in learning in development that companies experience. It ends with a list of things that need change and promptes "Lean Learning".

8/10

This article raises concerns with the workforce in America and how we are supporting adults who need access to a better education. With a better education adults can access higher paying jobs and contribute more. The article uses case studies and highlights to discuss different methods and best practice of adult learning.

This article was written by three faculty members of the University of Zambia. The authors discuss the idea of "adult learning" with respect to child learning. The authors spend most of the article outlining the social, emotional, physical, and cognitive aspects of the adult learning environment.

Rating: 5/10

A comprehensive guide to blended learning with links to other resources throughout the article. Something that caught my eye was when they talked about Walmart's Spark City, a video game for training managers (pg.13).

10/10

This article provides a short, yet well rounded description of andragogy, SDL, and TL. The author proposes, and concludes, that effective adult education requires a mixture of theories or principles.

Rating: 8/10

Teaching Excellence in Adult Learning (TEAL), a great list of resources for different aspects of adult learning. Theories, lesson planning, student centered... The rest of the website has excellent resources as well. It can be a little daunting to try to navigate but a great resource all the same.

10/10

This is an extensive site that offers many resources for adult learning. TEAL (Teaching Excellence in Adult Learning) has helpful information for planning, UDL, goal setting and much more.

10/10 This site cites its sources and is easy to use.

This article provides a brief overview of Knowles Five Assumptions of Adult Learners. These assumptions, and accompanying principles, help provide a baseline for online adult education.

Rating: 5/10

This chapter defines andragogy and reviews the early foundations of adult learning theory. Previous adult learning research performed with multiple constraints demonstrated that circumstance (education, training, health, speed of response) may have more of an impact in learning than age. Studies also revealed that age impacts the ability to perform some cognitive functions yet has little impact on others. While the characteristics of the adult learner have remained relatively consistent, perspectives in classifying the topic and its principles have varied. In discussion of self-directed learning, the authors address related objectives, ethos, self-directed attributes, and assessment methods. The authors report a decline in literature focused on self-directed learning within adult education and advocate for continued investigation and research. 8/10