2,646 Matching Annotations
  1. Oct 2021
    1. it is instructive to return to definition 5. The purpose of an argu- ment is to persuade. When located in the context of practical reasoning, an argument works by showing that if an audience believes the statements that are adduced as grounds, then they ought also to accept (or at least give serious consideration to) the claim. S

      The purpose of an argument is to persuade

    2. Note the arrow pointing from the grounds to the claim. This symbol is highly significant. It suggests that an argument must go somewhere. It is not the mere assertion of a group of statements, but an invitation to the reader or listener to move from one position (acceptance of the grounds) to another (acceptance of the claim).

      An argument must go somewhere, as in it must take the reader from one position to another.

    3. he second of the two most basic parts of an argument is the grounds that are put forward to support the claim. Grounds for arguments can vary widely; definition 4 above suggests ‘facts’ and ‘reasons’ as near synonyms; we could add still others, such as ‘data’ and ‘supporting evidence.’

      What are grounds?

    4. he position or point for which one supplies reasons in an argument is called the claim. Claims can be about anything, but they all share the form of an assertion—that is, they all must say something about something.

      What are claims?

    5. second reason for remembering the distinction between theology and religion is that these are self-involving subjects—subjects wherein the claims we make have a deep impact on our lives. This fact sometimes makes clear thinking more difficult, but it helps to bear in mind that criticism of a theological argument is not necessarily an attack on the religious beliefs of the person who made the argument.

      The claims of theology and religion are ones which have a deep impact in our lives.

    6. Despite the difficulties, I believe this is an important distinction to keep in mind for at least two reasons. First, the purpose of religion is much different from the purpose of theology. In the case of Christianity, the purpose of religion as a whole is worship and service of God; the purpose of theology is shaped by its character as an academic discipline. While most Christians hope that their beliefs, such as about God or salvation, are held rationally, this is not the first criterion one thinks of in evaluating the Christian religion. Theology, however, aims at rational reflection on the phenomena and beliefs of the religion and therefore rational criteria are of the highest importance. Among the criteria for rational reflection are the demands of good reasoning. So this book could more accurately be titled Reasoning in Theology, but that isn’t as catchy.

      The reasoning of theology. This is not the purpose of religion which is the worship and service of God

    7. This is an appropriate point at which to make another terminological distinction—between ‘theology’ and ‘religion.’ As used here, ‘religion’ will refer to a broad cultural phenomenon that generally involves worship, moral practices, and beliefs. Theology is an academic discipline that (among other things) reflects in a sustained way on the worship, morals, and be- liefs of a religious community.

      The difference between theology and religion

    8. A debate or discussion involving different points of view (definition 2) may or may not involve arguments in the sense intended here: an oral disagreement or altercation (definition 1) generally does not involve argument in this sense, since it seems to bring out the worst of people’s reasoning abilities.

      What an argument is all about

    9. ment of definitions for ‘argument,’ among which are the following: 1. An oral disagreement; verbal opposition; contention, altercation. 2. A discussion involving differing points of view; debate. 3. A process of reasoning; series of reasons. 4. A statement, reason, or fact for or against a point. 5. An address or composition intended to convince or persuade; per- suasive discourse

      What is an argument?

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    1. n argument written in this manner unfolds to reveal both the strengths and limits of the argument. This is as it should be. No argument should pretend to be stronger than it is or apply further than it is meant to. The point here isn't to "win" or "beat" all the counter-arguments; the point is to come as close to the truth or as close to a realistic and feasible solution as we possibly can.

      What is an argument?

    2. The twentieth-century British philosopher Stephen Toulmin noticed that good, realistic arguments typically will consist of six parts. He used these terms to describe the items. Data: The facts or evidence used to prove the argument Claim: The statement being argued (a thesis) Warrants: The general, hypothetical (and often implicit) logical statements that serve as bridges between the claim and the data. Qualifiers: Statements that limit the strength of the argument or statements that propose the conditions under which the argument is true. Rebuttals: Counter-arguments or statements indicating circumstances when the general argument does not hold true. Backing: Statements that serve to support the warrants (i.e., arguments that don't necessarily prove the main point being argued, but which do prove the warrants are true.)

      This is called the Toulmin model of argument

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    1. He understood that true theology js in evitably lived theology. Given this reciprocal activity be tween reflection and life, I believe that there are cert elements which should accompany any good theologia and theology. Attempting to separate life and theology to lose the beauty and truthfulness of both,

      The Reformers called Theology Practical Science. because theology is lived. Attempting to separate theology and life is to lose the beauty and truthfulness of both.

    2. THEOLOGICAL, REFLECTION is a deeply personal venture; it does not leave room for cool scientific detach- ment. Atits best theology may be considered both an art “anda science. Here we encounter the beauty and holiness of God, and such an encounter is always emotive, whether we realize it or not, whether we want it to be or not. We do ‘not stand off in the distance as neutral observers, but rather we are engaged as those who wrestle with and rest inthe God who has made himself known.

      Tehological reflection is unlike other scientific research , we are not neutral observers but we engage and werestle with God Himself who has made Himself known.

    1. Dr Nisreen Alwan 🌻 on Twitter: “New @ONS #LongCovid estimates published today: 1.1 MILLION (1.7% of the whole UK population). Up from the summer estimate of 1.5%. 211,000 people with daily activities ‘limited a lot’. Greatest % in working age (35-69y). Rising prevalence in 17-24y. A tsunami of chronic illness.” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2021, from https://twitter.com/Dr2NisreenAlwan/status/1446110337753829379

    1. The analysis that I present is applicable to all branches of science whose models are based on continuous mathematics, such as algebraic, differential, or integral equations.

      I wonder if this could be applied also to the problem of reproducibility in the context of journalism and/or (h)ac(k)tivism. My approch has been to use relatively simple and self-contained connected infrastructures/tools and maybe pair them with functional package managers. The approach here could be complementary to it (still it's to early in the text to say)

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    1. to gain an understanding of thescope of payments in lieu of taxes (PILOTs) in Illinois municipalitie

      What's the scope of PILOTs in Illinois municipalities How to explain the PILOTS in Illinois municipalities generate less revenue that what's typically seen?

    1. Hippisley-Cox, J., Patone, M., Mei, X. W., Saatci, D., Dixon, S., Khunti, K., Zaccardi, F., Watkinson, P., Shankar-Hari, M., Doidge, J., Harrison, D. A., Griffin, S. J., Sheikh, A., & Coupland, C. A. C. (2021). Risk of thrombocytopenia and thromboembolism after covid-19 vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 positive testing: Self-controlled case series study. BMJ, n1931. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n1931

    1. Higdon, M. M., Wahl, B., Jones, C. B., Rosen, J. G., Truelove, S. A., Baidya, A., Nande, A. A., ShamaeiZadeh, P. A., Walter, K. K., Feikin, D. R., Patel, M. K., Knoll, M. D., & Hill, A. L. (2021). A systematic review of COVID-19 vaccine efficacy and effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease [Preprint]. Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.09.17.21263549

  2. Sep 2021

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    1. Are women generally more interested in other social causes besides online surveillance and the negative cultural impacts of social media companies?

      Most of the advanced researchers I seen on these topics are almost all women: Safiya Umoja Noble, Meredith Broussard, Ruha Benjamin, Cathy O'Neil, Shoshana Zuboff, Joan Donovan, danah boyd,Tressie McMillan Cottom, to name but a few.

      The tougher part is that they are all fighting against problems created primarily by privileged, cis-gender, white men.

    1. an important change in the urban anchor institution conversation. It moves beyond the “who” and “how” of university-neighborhood interventions and begins to ask, “what happened?”

      What happened to the neighborhood after UPEN WPI interventions in Alex Penn School.

    2. This article seeks to move beyond the anecdotal, advancing the conversation with a longitudinal evaluation of neighborhood change during the WPI years.

      What is the longitudinal change in neighborhood characteristics as measures of effective revitalization and how do those demonstrate the effect of WPI investments from UPENN> and how does that differ from perceptions captured in previous qual studies?

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    1. thus just this, how can research help the p

      How can research help the poor? central Focus. Author examines five participatory research projects (research from the underside) and applies a criteria as to whether or not it is research that helps the poor?

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    1. At the time of the beginning of the research, very little had been written on middle- aged women; collectively as social scientists we knew next to nothing about the middle years of adult life. We were critical of what little literature existed and were skeptical of widely held assumptions about women of this age.

      Social science literature absent the experience of middle-aged women. Interregate empty next syndrome.

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    1. Do Quick ResearchDo Quick ResearchAsyouread,youmightrunintoideas,words,orphrasesyoudon’tunderstand,orthetextmightrefertopeople,places,oreventsyou’reunfamiliarwith

      if you are reading and dont understand a certain word or place always google it or do your research so you can have a better understanding of what the author is writing about . if you dont do this you can find yourself lost and confused or take something out of text, not understand what they are talking about .

    1. Michael Mina on Twitter: “With all the news of vaccines & immunity, did you know measles infections destroy immunity and cause ‘Immune Amnesia’, increasing risk of all other infections Our research in ‘15 & ‘19 discovered this & the abbreviated story is written up nicely here: 1/ https://t.co/t5DKoQljxM” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved September 7, 2021, from https://twitter.com/michaelmina_lab/status/1435037668027641861

    1. Scott Sampson has argued that we should subjectify nature rather than objectifying it. People are a part of nature and integral to it. We are not separate from it and we are assuredly not above it.

      Can the injection of multi-disciplinary research and areas like big history help us to see the bigger picture? How have indigenous and oral cultures managed to do so much better than us at this? Is it the way we've done science in the past? Is it our political structures?

    1. David Dowdy on Twitter: “@NEJM joining the waning immunity debate. I’m going to push back a bit. Data from @UCSDHealth of vax effectiveness in health workers: 94% in June, 65% in July. Interpreted as ‘likely to be due to...delta and waning immunity over time, compounded by end of masking requirements.’ https://t.co/flDOfBbTs7” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved September 2, 2021, from https://twitter.com/davidwdowdy/status/1433254675915157504?s=20

    1. Haber, N. A., Wieten, S. E., Rohrer, J. M., Arah, O. A., Tennant, P. W. G., Stuart, E. A., Murray, E. J., Pilleron, S., Lam, S. T., Riederer, E., Howcutt, S. J., Simmons, A. E., Leyrat, C., Schoenegger, P., Booman, A., Dufour, M.-S. K., O’Donoghue, A. L., Baglini, R., Do, S., … Fox, M. P. (2021). Causal and Associational Linking Language From Observational Research and Health Evaluation Literature in Practice: A systematic language evaluation [Preprint]. Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.25.21262631

    1. Liu, W., Russell, R. M., Bibollet-Ruche, F., Skelly, A. N., Sherrill-Mix, S., Freeman, D. A., Stoltz, R., Lindemuth, E., Lee, F.-H., Sterrett, S., Bar, K. J., Erdmann, N., Gouma, S., Hensley, S. E., Ketas, T., Cupo, A., Cruz Portillo, V. M., Moore, J. P., Bieniasz, P. D., … Hahn, B. H. (2021). Predictors of Nonseroconversion after SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(9), 2454–2458. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2709.211042

  3. Aug 2021
    1. Rogers, J. P., Watson, C. J., Badenoch, J., Cross, B., Butler, M., Song, J., Hafeez, D., Morrin, H., Rengasamy, E. R., Thomas, L., Ralovska, S., Smakowski, A., Sundaram, R. D., Hunt, C. K., Lim, M. F., Aniwattanapong, D., Singh, V., Hussain, Z., Chakraborty, S., … Rooney, A. G. (2021). Neurology and neuropsychiatry of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the early literature reveals frequent CNS manifestations and key emerging narratives. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, jnnp-2021-326405. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2021-326405

    1. https://kimberlyhirsh.com/2018/06/29/a-starttofinish-literature.html

      Great overview of a literature review with some useful looking links to more specifics on note taking methods.

      Most of the newer note taking tools like Roam Research, Obsidian, etc. were not available or out when she wrote this. I'm curious how these may have changed or modified her perspective versus some of the other catch-as-catch-can methods with pen/paper/index cards/digital apps?

    1. https://kimberlyhirsh.com/2019/04/01/dissertating-in-the.html

      A description of some of Kimiberly Hirsh's workflow in keeping a public research notebook (or commonplace book).

      I'd be curious to know what type of readership and response she's gotten from this work in the past. For some it'll bet it's possibly too niche for a lot of direct feedback, but some pieces may be more interesting than others.

      Did it help her organize her thoughts and reuse the material later on?

    1. Céline Gounder, MD, ScM, FIDSA. (2021, July 12). 1/ J&J COVID vaccine linked VERY RARELY to Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Https://washingtonpost.com/health/2021/07/12/johnson-and-johnson-warning/—100 prelim reports of GBS out of 12.8M doses (0.0008%)—About 2 weeks after vaccination—Mostly in men—Mostly in 50+ years-old [Tweet]. @celinegounder. https://twitter.com/celinegounder/status/1414642414380371968

    1. The foregoing studies suggest two strands of commonplacing circa 1700. The first was thecollection of authoritative knowledge, usually in the form of quotations. The second was thecollection of personal or natural knowledge, with Francis Bacon’s lists, desiderata and apho-risms serving as early examples. While Moss has shown that the first strand was losing popular-ity by the 1680s, recent scholarship has shown that the second retained momentum through theeighteenth century,9especially in scientific dictionaries,10instructional cards,11catalogues,12

      loose-leaf manuscripts,13syllabi14and, most especially, notebooks.15

      There are two strands of commonplacing around 1700: one is the traditional collection of authoritative knowledge while the second was an emergent collection of more personal knowledge and exploration.

    1. Benjy Renton on Twitter: “Over half of those who answered ‘wait and see’ to @KFF’s vaccine poll in January have now received the vaccine. So what changed their mind? - Seeing friends and family without side effects—Doctors and healthcare providers encouraging them https://t.co/iRxWp2BLTQ https://t.co/XStHV975Qt” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved August 2, 2021, from https://twitter.com/bhrenton/status/1415163661291819008?s=20

  4. Jul 2021
    1. Leah Keating on Twitter: “This work with @DavidJPOS and @gleesonj is now on arXiv (https://t.co/hxjZnCmKcM): ‘A multi-type branching process method for modelling complex contagion on clustered networks’ Here is a quick overview of our paper: (1/6) https://t.co/3jQ2flhk71” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved July 23, 2021, from https://twitter.com/leahakeating/status/1418150117106978816

    1. we should ask: (a) is the platform essentially new, and therefore productive of new organizational forms?; (b) is the platform essentially digital?; and (c) if the answer to both is ‘no’ then what do organization studies, technology studies and media studies miss by treating platforms as both new and essentially digital?

      RQs

    1. Revisiting this essay to review it in the framing of digital gardens.

      In a "gardens and streams" version of this metaphor, the stream is flow and the garden is stock.

      This also fits into a knowledge capture, growth, and innovation framing. The stream are small atomic ideas flowing by which may create new atomic ideas. These then need to be collected (in a garden) where they can be nurtured and grow into new things.

      Clippings of these new growth can be placed back into the stream to move on to other gardeners. Clever gardeners will also occasionally browse through the gardens of others to see bigger picture versions of how their gardens might become.

      Proper commonplacing is about both stock and flow. The unwritten rule is that one needs to link together ideas and expand them in places either within the commonplace or external to it: essays, papers, articles, books, or other larger structures which then become stock for others.

      While some creators appear to be about all stock in the modern era, it's just not true. They're consuming streams (flow) from other (perhaps richer) sources (like articles, books, television rather than social media) and building up their own stock in more private (or at least not public) places. Then they release that article, book, film, television show which becomes content stream for others.

      While we can choose to create public streams, but spending our time in other less information dense steams is less useful. Better is to keep a reasonably curated stream to see which other gardens to go visit.

      Currently is the online media space we have structures like microblogs and blogs (and most social media in general) which are reasonably good at creating streams (flow) and blogs, static sites, and wikis which are good for creating gardens (stock).

      What we're missing is a structure with the appropriate and attendant UI that can help us create both a garden and a stream simultaneously. It would be nice to have a wiki with a steam-like feed out for the smaller attendant ideas, but still allow the evolutionary building of bigger structures, which could also be placed into the stream at occasional times.

      I can imagine something like a MediaWiki with UI for placing small note-like ideas into other streams like Twitter, but which supports Webmention so that ideas that come back from Twitter or other consumers of one's stream can be placed into one's garden. Perhaps in a Zettelkasten like way, one could collect atomic notes into their wiki and then transclude those ideas into larger paragraphs and essays within the same wiki on other pages which might then become articles, books, videos, audio, etc.

      Obsidian, Roam Research do a somewhat reasonable job on the private side and have some facility for collecting data, but have no UI for sharing out into streams.

    1. Dr. Jeff Benyacar on Twitter: “@AlexBerenson ‘Even if a link between myocarditis and the vaccine holds up, the condition is usually mild, requiring treatment only with anti-inflammatory drugs, whereas COVID-19 infection can also cause serious disease and long-term side effects, even in young people.’ https://t.co/3VQprF7bIz” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved July 2, 2021, from https://twitter.com/jbenyacar/status/1399851524487106562?s=12

  5. Jun 2021
    1. Borobia, A. M., Carcas, A. J., Pérez-Olmeda, M., Castaño, L., Bertran, M. J., García-Pérez, J., Campins, M., Portolés, A., González-Pérez, M., García Morales, M. T., Arana-Arri, E., Aldea, M., Díez-Fuertes, F., Fuentes, I., Ascaso, A., Lora, D., Imaz-Ayo, N., Barón-Mira, L. E., Agustí, A., … Torvisco, J. M. (2021). Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of BNT162b2 booster in ChAdOx1-S-primed participants (CombiVacS): A multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial. The Lancet, S0140673621014203. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01420-3

  6. dash.eloquent.works dash.eloquent.works
    1. An interesting tool for taking notes from Jeremy Ho. Designed with Roam Research in mind.

      The Eloquent tool is available to install! Capture ideas in-context with:<br>• On-page highlighting<br>• Nested bullets<br>• /snippets<br>• [[braces]] and #tag syntax<br>Quick capture is a hotkey away. Bonus hotkey sends your highlights/links to @RoamResearch pic.twitter.com/vLLbPX4zwW

      — Jeremy Ho (@jeremyqho) July 21, 2020
      <script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>

      I wish it could save data as a local text or markdown file so it would also be easier to use with Obsidian or other note taking tools. It's similar in nature to the Roam Highlighter extension.

      Details at https://www.notion.so/Eloquent-Resource-Center-72f95c2a71d34c5181e4907edf7a96e1

    1. Thompson, M. G., Burgess, J. L., Naleway, A. L., Tyner, H. L., Yoon, S. K., Meece, J., Olsho, L. E. W., Caban-Martinez, A. J., Fowlkes, A., Lutrick, K., Kuntz, J. L., Dunnigan, K., Odean, M. J., Hegmann, K. T., Stefanski, E., Edwards, L. J., Schaefer-Solle, N., Grant, L., Ellingson, K., … Gaglani, M. (2021). Interim Estimates of Vaccine Effectiveness of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 Vaccines in Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Health Care Personnel, First Responders, and Other Essential and Frontline Workers—Eight U.S. Locations, December 2020–March 2021. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 70(13), 495–500. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7013e3

    1. Parry, H. M., Tut, G., Faustini, S., Stephens, C., Saunders, P., Bentley, C., Hilyard, K., Brown, K., Amirthalingam, G., Charlton, S., Leung, S., Chiplin, E., Coombes, N. S., Bewley, K. R., Penn, E. J., Rowe, C., Otter, A., Watts, R., D’Arcangelo, S., … Moss, P. (2021). BNT162b2 Vaccination in People Over 80 Years of Age Induces Strong Humoral Immune Responses with Cross Neutralisation of P.1 Brazilian Variant. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3816840