In modern literate contexts, it is easier to establish doubletalk in oral contexts than it is in written contexts as the written is more easily reviewed for clarity and concreteness. Verbal ticks like "you know what I mean", "it's easy to see/show", and other versions of similar hand-waving arguments that indicate gaps in thinking and arguments are far easier to identify in writing than they are in speech where social pressure may cause the audience to agree without actually following the thread of the argument. Writing certainly allows for timeshiting, but it explicitly also expands time frames for grasping and understanding a full argument in a way not commonly seen in oral settings.

Note that this may not be the case in primarily oral cultures which may take specific steps to mitigate these patterns.

Link this to the anthropology example from Scott M. Lacy of the (Malian?) tribe that made group decisions by repeating a statement from the lowest to the highest and back again to ensure understanding and agreement.

This difference in communication between oral and literate is one which leaders can take advantage of in leading their followers astray. An example is Donald Trump who actively eschewed written communication or even reading in general in favor of oral and highly emotional speech. This generally freed him from the need to make coherent and useful arguments.

Ryfe and Kemmelmeier not only show that this development goes much further back into the past and first appeared in newspapers (the quotes of politicians got almost halved between 1892 and 1968), but also posed the question if this can maybe also be seen as a form of increased professionalism of the media as they do not just let politicians talk as they wish (Ryfe and Kemmelmeier 2011). Craig Fehrman also pointed out the irony in the reception of this rather nuanced study – it was itself reduced to a soundbite in the media (Fehrman 2011).

Soundbites have decreased in length over time.

What effects are driving this? What are the knock on effects? What effect does this have on the ability for doubletalk to take hold? Is it easier for doubletalk and additional meanings to attach to soundbites when they're shorter? (It would seem so.) At what point to they hit a minimum?

What is the effect of potential memes which hold additional meaning of driving this soundbite culture?

Example: "Lock her up" as a soundbite with memetic meaning from the Trump 2016 campaign in reference to Hilary Clinton.

Pak, C. (2022, February 8). Endemic Fatalism and Why It Won’t Resolve COVID-19. Medical Humanities. https://blogs.bmj.com/medical-humanities/?p=3280

main political cultures in the traditional early US

capitalism as system of organized power

South was won with explicit racism, but it doesn't have to use racism explicitly to keep the south

Journalism and propaganda associating the progressives with "violent" "chaotic" "anti-order", especially by depicting Black people and hippies in this way

important quote during this time - this is literally what the republicans were doing in the South

use of idea of "state's rights" to support explicit racism and working with the KKK

southern strategy was not hidden - party literally ran on platform of racism

filibuster was literally used to protect lynching Black people

even when the Constitution is against racism, it was not enforced to protect black voters

basically, he's saying republicans can get more white votes by promoting black voting rights, which will polarize whites to the right? what?

Nursing professionals are facing with severe sleep problems during the covid 19 pandemic time. Nurses were asked to work in an environment that had a more increased level of risk than ever before. Depression and anxiety from the workplace could affect the confidence of healthcare workers in themselves as well as general trust in the healthcare system. This will lead to their turnover intention which may undermine the efforts of the governments to control the COVID-19 pandemic. The rising concern may change the working schedules of healthcare workers, offering more occupational healthcare support.

Navlakha, M. (2022, January 24). On Substack, COVID misinformation is allowed to flourish. Mashable. https://mashable.com/article/substack-covid-misinformation

This isn't something I really considered, but Pietrobono himself is a sort of political tool

Garland, J., Ghazi-Zahedi, K., Young, J.-G., Hébert-Dufresne, L., & Galesic, M. (2022). Impact and dynamics of hate and counter speech online. EPJ Data Science, 11(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-021-00314-6

Defeat The Mandates: Green Our Vaccines reconstituted for COVID-19. (2022, January 21). RESPECTFUL INSOLENCE. https://respectfulinsolence.com/2022/01/21/defeat-the-mandates-green-our-vaccines-reconstituted-for-covid-19/

The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction by Walter Benjamin

1. Benjamin is part of the Frankfurt School at Institute of Social Studies in Germany.
2. They are trying to examine the failure of Marxist revolutionary social change.
3. The idea is that ideology disseminated through mass media are making it very difficult for Marx's prognotication are making it very difficult for social change to occur.
4. 19th century modernity: mass transportation, factory work, dissemination of capitalism, movement to cities and experience of urban life

 These convergent endeavors made predictable a situation which Paul Valéry pointed up in this sentence: “Just as water, gas, and electricity are brought into our houses from far off to satisfy our needs in response to a minimal effort, so we shall be supplied with visual or auditory images, which will appear and disappear at a simple movement of the hand, hardly more than a sign.” (op. cit., p. 226) Around 1900 technical reproduction had reached a standard that not only permitted it to reproduce all transmitted works of art and thus to cause the most profound change in their impact upon the public; it also had captured a place of its own among the artistic processes. For the study of this standard nothing is more revealing than the nature of the repercussions that these two different manifestations—the reproduction of works of art and the art of the film—have had on art in its traditional form.

Q: Why does it matter that film minimizes the aura?

At the time, art reacted with the doctrine of l’art pour l’art, that is, with a theology of art. This gave rise to what might be called a negative theology in the form of the idea of ‘pure’ art, which not only denied any social function of art but also any categorizing by subject matter. (In poetry, Mallarmé was the first to take this position.) An analysis of art in the age of mechanical reproduction must do justice to these relationships, for they lead us to an all-important insight: for the first time in world history, mechanical reproduction emancipates the work of art from its parasitical dependence on ritual. To an ever greater degree the work of art reproduced becomes the work of art designed for reproducibility.7 From a photographic negative, for example, one can make any number of prints; to ask for the ‘authentic’ print makes no sense. But the instant the criterion of authenticity ceases to be applicable to artistic production, the total function of art is reversed. Instead of being based on ritual, it begins to be based on another practice—politics.<br> Ritual: pre-modern timesPolitics: Despite the political painting the art piece will be associated with the aura of original piece of art.

• Film is not auratic because in film: 1) spaces and times are constructed 2) actors performance is stitched together 3) actors do not share space with spectators 4) multiple points of view 5) appeals to a MASS AUDIENCE and a COLLECTIVE AUDIENCE 6) reveals new aspects of the thing reproduced (time alpse, slow motion).

How do institutions put the aura back into film?

In photography, exhibition value begins to displace cult value all along the line. But cult value does not give way without resistance. It retires into an ultimate retrenchment: the human countenance.

The superstar is a way to put the aura back into film

The film responds to the shriveling of the aura with an artificial build-up of the “personality” outside the studio. The cult of the movie star, fostered by the money of the film industry, preserves not the unique aura of the person but the “spell of the personality,” the phony spell of a commodity. So long as the movie-makers’ capital sets the fashion, as a rule no other revolutionary merit can be accredited to today’s film than the promotion of a revolutionary criticism of traditional concepts of art. We do not deny that in some cases today’s films can also promote revolutionary criticism of social conditions, even of the distribution of property. However, our present study is no more specifically concerned with this than is the film production of Western Europe.

*Marx says capitalism produces the seeds of its demise. We can think of that as a guiding principle in which capitalism produces the neorosis that leads Chaplins character into a destructive set of behaviors that stops the Fordist capitalist production in a factory.

Feelings of belongoing and togetherness and being overhwemed by a mass you want to be a part of , but for Benjamin this is a trynanny where people feel they are in control but they are not really in control. Thus communism replies by politicizing art. Art for art's sake is harmful when put in the service of a facist regime. Art for political progress.

The growing proletarianization of modern man and the increasing formation of masses are two aspects of the same process. Fascism attempts to organize the newly created proletarian masses without affecting the property structure which the masses strive to eliminate. Fascism sees its salvation in giving these masses not their right, but instead a chance to express themselves.21 The masses have a right to change property relations; Fascism seeks to give them an expression while preserving property. The logical result of Fascism is the introduction of aesthetics into political life. The violation of the masses, whom Fascism, with its Führer cult, forces to their knees, has its counterpart in the violation of an apparatus which is pressed into the production of ritual values.

Film is not merely a translation of an in-person thetaer performance. Rather film is performing for future audiences and for the director and for cinematrography. This supports the idea that film is a collabroative creation that brings an object into the world.

One film can be playing multiple times around the world and so this can be distributed on mass scale.

Film is not merely a recording of reality. Film reproduced new aspects of the things reproduced through slow motion and it brings to light entirely new aspects of matter but discloses quite aspects within them. If Benjamin merely interested in the epistemological possibility of the film to expand our limited perceptual appartus, yes but think about how this reinforces his claim that film moves us away from the aura,...that if we can see unknown aspects by recording it then we can't rely on film to reproduce an original we have to keep in mind that the image is qualitatively distinct from our perceptual access to the thing. So film is not merely a copy of the thing that it records.

Benjamin flips things and says that maybe film isn't art the way we see an art and this will get us away from the trappings.

What is Benjamin's definition of art which he is defining with the aura, the transcendence of individual of ritual.

1. substructure or base: factors that produce commodities and economic relations that result from these concrete aspects
2. superstructure: culture, law, media that for a Marxist thinker emerges in the way that the economic structure functions; the more media/education/political cosumption that you do the less you are going to understand the conditions of your exploitation and the more you are going to think change is possible.
3. What role does cinema play in the move from cult and aura to mechanical reproduction? See snapshots.

Keep in mind that they're asking this in an anti-science and post-fact political climate. Is progress studies the real end goal, or do we need political solutions? Better communication solutions? Better education solutions? Instead? First?

Are they addressing the correct question/problem here?

Serwer, A. (2022, January 14). The Culture War Has Warped the Supreme Court’s Judgment. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/01/biden-worker-vaccine-mandate-scotus-osha-standard/621249/

The forms of rational, skeptical, empirical and conversational forms of debate popularized by the Enlightenment which saw the rejection of arbitrary authority were influenced by the Haudenosaunee nations of Americans.

Interesting to see the reflexive political fallout of this reoccurring with the political right in America beginning in the early 2000s through the 2020s. It's almost as if the Republican party and religious right never experienced the Enlightenment and are still living in the 1700s.

Curious that in modern culture I think of the Jesuits as the embodiment of rationalist, skeptical argumentation and thought now. Apparently they were dramatically transformed since that time.

My Xbox 360 display picture is a Libertarian Party one created by the Xbox team for a past election cycle. They had them for GOP and Dem as well.

There are also a few groups centered around politics for coordinating gameplay together premised on a common interest - so it seems that to that extent he doesn't know his own system?

I don't know that Xbox as a social platform would be favorable for "creating a political party" whatever that means. Government's control what political parties are created - they only allow the ones they approve of to exist anyway.

Vega-Oliveros, D. A., Grande, H. L. C., Iannelli, F., & Vazquez, F. (2021). Bi-layer voter model: Modeling intolerant/tolerant positions and bots in opinion dynamics. The European Physical Journal Special Topics, 230(14–15), 2875–2886. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-021-00151-8

Shoss, M., Hootegem, A. V., Selenko, E., & Witte, H. D. (2022). The Job Insecurity of Others: On the Role of Perceived National Job Insecurity During the COVID-19 Pandemic. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/qhpu5

Timothy Caulfield. (2021, October 19). Politics is derailing a crucial debate over the immunity you get from recovering from #Covid19 https://statnews.com/2021/10/19/politics-is-derailing-a-crucial-debate-over-the-immunity-you-get-from-recovering-from-covid-19/ @levfacher via @statnews “People on the right scream, so people on the left say no. We’re in this horrible, awful feedback loop of vitriol right now.” [Tweet]. @CaulfieldTim. https://twitter.com/CaulfieldTim/status/1450475493262864393

Inability of politics to go beyond sort-term objectives

ReconfigBehSci. (2021, December 13). RT @CaulfieldTim: India, U.S. account for a quarter of #COVID19 #misinformation: @UAlberta study https://ualberta.ca/folio/2021/12/india-us-account-for-a-quarter-of-covid-19-misinformation-study.html “Misinformation s… [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1470435900073168907

This would seem to indicate that culture and politics are taking precedence over the religion and faith portions of these churches.

Santora, M., & Minder, R. (2021, October 1). In Portugal, There Is Virtually No One Left to Vaccinate. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/01/world/europe/portugal-vaccination-rate.html

Οπως στον [[Α' ΠΠ]], η συμμαχίες ξεκιναν ενα ντόμινο, με Ελλάδα-Γαλλία να αντιπαρατίθεται σε Βρετανία-Γερμανία-Τουρκία.

Explanatory dimensions for current political environment

Public relations for a colonial, corporate governance system dependent on the theft of land and resources and the disempowerment of the population through the mechanism of money.

Deference to the "expert"; however none exist in those times; ie the industrial phenomenon was so new that who could have extensive knowledge of what "worked best"?

This article fails to recognize the societal benefits of free education. Since the US is all about the individual, this isn't surprising. However, the facts - as evidenced by countries where education is essentially free - is that it increases the societal level of education, which improves so many things, not the least of which is more informed and rational voting.

Hallin’s spheres

Hallin divides the world of political discourse into three concentric spheres: consensus, legitimate controversy, and deviance. In the sphere of consensus, journalists assume everyone agrees. The sphere of legitimate controversy includes the standard political debates, and journalists are expected to remain neutral. The sphere of deviance falls outside the bounds of legitimate debate, and journalists can ignore it. These boundaries shift, as public opinion shifts.

Rohlinger, D. A., & Meyer, D. S. (2021). Protest During a Pandemic: How COVID-19 Affected Social Movements in the U.S. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/qk25r

The articles I picked for my two picked was from CNN and the other was from the ny times. They both were very similar because they both were about how the US troops left Afghanistan after our 20 year war with them.

The big difference between the paranoiac's conspiracy theories and the real ones is that in the fake ones the conspirators are "in it together" and form a like-minded group. In reality, the billionaires would be very happy to through each other under the bus if they could.

So it's not so much that there are real conspiracies as there are a known set of methods and tools - known to everyone, everywhere - that allow this gross power imbalance to be created. These methods and tools are known to all but can only be used by the rich because they are themselves very costly.

Tappin, B. M. (2021). Exposure to Arguments and Evidence Changes Partisan Attitudes Even in the Face of Countervailing Leader Cues. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/247bs

Brashier, N. M., & Rand, D. G. (2021). Illusory Truth Occurs Even with Incentives for Accuracy [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/83m9y

Palm, R., Bolsen, T., & Kingsland, J. T. (2021). The Effect of Frames on COVID-19 Vaccine Resistance. Frontiers in Political Science, 3, 661257. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2021.661257

Mazumdar, S., & Thakker, D. (2020). Citizen Science on Twitter: Using Data Analytics to Understand Conversations and Networks. Future Internet, 12(12), 210. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi12120210

https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/12/12/210

Is the fact that these exist a function of how quiet and unknown these can be within a small subset of select society? Because the're not more common or commonly known, the average person isn't aware (not helped by the complexity of the details) on a daily basis and thus they can continue on helped by politicians in power who can be lobbied (or otherwise captured).

Brilliantly put!

I've got serious reservations about this Gerst fellow. His answers are too vague and contain too many bald assertions. The form of his answers fits what I've noticed to be a "style" of regressives seeking to promote obsolete traditions and social norms.

Granted, it's difficult to present precise information in "interview format" articles like this one, but education is too important to get get wrong - again.

William Pitt (the younger) assessed a tax on clocks and watches from July 1797 to March 1798 and it didn't go well. One would suspect it was the case that those who purchased them were the richer upper-classes (as argued above in the piece) who had the power and wealth to vitiate against such taxation.

Presumably if the masses were the target, the tax may have stayed.

This sort of power seems to ensconce racist policies.

The 2 most liberal domains: .is (Iceland) and .onion (world)

Political finance reform!

Sirlin, N., Epstein, Z., Arechar, A. A., & Rand, D. (2021). Digital literacy and susceptibility to misinformation. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/7rb2m

A ‘Brainwashed Death Cult’: The Gamification of Conspiracy – Byline Times. (n.d.). Retrieved August 17, 2021, from https://bylinetimes.com/2021/08/10/a-brainwashed-death-cult-the-gamification-of-conspiracy/

Everett, J. A. C., Colombatto, C., Awad, E., Boggio, P., Bos, B., Brady, W. J., Chawla, M., Chituc, V., Chung, D., Drupp, M., Goel, S., Grosskopf, B., Hjorth, F., Ji, A., Kealoha, C., Kim, J. S., Lin, Y., Ma, Y., Maréchal, M. A., … Crockett, M. (2021). Moral dilemmas and trust in leaders during a global health crisis [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/mzswb

Tim O’Brien. (2021, July 21). DeSantis—Who signed a bill outlawing vaccine passports, blames “experts” for public distrust of vaccines, sells “Don’t Fauci My Florida” merch and was hesitant to disclose his own vaccination—Wants you to know “vaccines are saving lives.” https://t.co/yz7SPFTnsE [Tweet]. @TimOBrien. https://twitter.com/TimOBrien/status/1417952302330167298

Politics of COVID-19 Misinformation. (n.d.). HackMD. Retrieved 4 August 2021, from https://hackmd.io/@scibehC19vax/misinfo_politics

Graham, D. A. (2021, July 20). Suddenly, Conservatives Care About Vaccines. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/07/fox-news-conservatives-vaccines-sean-hannity/619510/

Hosseinmardi, H., Ghasemian, A., Clauset, A., Mobius, M., Rothschild, D. M., & Watts, D. J. (2021). Examining the consumption of radical content on YouTube. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(32), e2101967118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2101967118

Winter, T., Riordan, B., Scarf, D., & Jose, P. (2021). Conspiracy Beliefs and Distrust of Science Predicts Reluctance of Vaccine Uptake of Politically Right-Wing Citizens. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/y87rm

The Daily 202: Nearly 30 groups urge Facebook, Instagram, Twitter to take down vaccine disinformation—The Washington Post. (n.d.). Retrieved August 2, 2021, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/07/19/daily-202-nearly-30-groups-urge-facebook-instagram-twitter-take-down-vaccine-disinformation/?utm_source=twitter&utm_campaign=wp_main&utm_medium=social

We’ve analyzed thousands of COVID-19 misinformation narratives. Here are six regional takeaways—Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. (n.d.). Retrieved August 1, 2021, from https://thebulletin.org/2021/06/weve-analyzed-thousands-of-covid-19-misinformation-narratives-here-are-six-regional-takeaways/

change these institutions how?

The struggle for justice can be found within the self (rather than the group).

Reason is another form of power.

How does the idea of justice and self in the first connect (or not) to the Woodard's idea of self with respect to God in the Protestant evangelical America?

Trumps margin.

How can this gap be closed in the future?

If we mutually exclusively split America into these four classifications, what would be the proportion of people within each?

What do the overlaps of these four groups look like with respect to Colin Woodard's eleven American Nations?

An interesting way of tying together some groups of voters over time here. They do have a very common thread in their whiteness.

What other things do they have in common?

I'm definitely curious about how this about face occurred.

This is a pressing question which our governments pay far too little attention to.

Is Russia’s Covid vaccine anything more than a political weapon? (2021, April 30). The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/apr/30/is-russias-covid-vaccine-anything-more-than-a-political-weapon-sputnik-v

Im, H., Wang, P., & Chen, C. (2021). The Partisan Mask: Political Orientation, Collectivism, and Religiosity Predict Mask Use During COVID-19. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/9s58f

https://edwardsnowden.substack.com/p/lifting-the-mask

issues of discrimination by race and sexual orientation

-- Gen. Mark Milley, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

117th Congress

Hillary Clinton: 472 counties = 64% US GDP

Donald Trump: 2584 counties = 36% US GDP

Source

Source

Source

Source

Source

Source

Soral, W., & Bilewicz, M. (2021). The Politics of Vaccine Hesitancy: An Ideological Dual-Process Approach. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/djm3a

Bunker, C. J., & Varnum, M. E. W. (2021). How Strong is the Association Between Social Media Use and False Consensus? [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/eyjaq

Reflections, The United States, Mexico; Feelings, Dreams

Well, those voters told you who they wanted and it wasn't Biden.

Spenser Lang on Twitter: “Astounding how we let politics influence public health. Republican, Democrat, who cares—Get vaccinated! Https://t.co/oOKZ5PcTqB” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved June 28, 2021, from https://twitter.com/spenserlang/status/1408126711456276488

It would be interesting to examine some of this language and these euphemisms to uncover the change over time.

Jesus is a "hood ornament."

searing...

Interesting.

I've found myself looking at statements from Republicans over the past several years and tagging them as "hypocrisy".

I wonder what the actual overlap of the two groups is?

I feel like this is the general case...

How?

Why?

Stephan Lewandowsky. (2021, May 16). An update to the ‘politics’ page of our COVID-19 vaccination communication handbook. Thanks to @kostas_exarhia for his diligent and constant work on this 1/n https://t.co/ezztaLMEBG [Tweet]. @STWorg. https://twitter.com/STWorg/status/1393996441966858242

an idea equally exploited by Hitler and Trump

Belluz, J. (2020, January 23). The evidence on travel bans for diseases like coronavirus is clear: They don’t work. Vox. https://www.vox.com/2020/1/23/21078325/wuhan-china-coronavirus-travel-ban

1-28-2021

2020 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report 2020 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report

<button data-hypothesis-trigger> Open sidebar </button> https://h.readthedocs.io/projects/client/en/latest/publishers/host-page-integration/

Examples of this sort of non-logical behaviour used to represent identity can be found in fiction in:

• Dr. Seuss' The Butter Battle Book (Random House,1984) which is based on
• the war between Lilliput and Blefuscu in Jonathan Swift's 1726 satire Gulliver's Travels, which was based on an argument over the correct end to crack an egg once soft-boiled.

It almost seems related to creating identity politics as bike-shedding because the real issues are so complex that most people can't grasp all the nuances, so it's easier to choose sides based on some completely other heuristic. Changing sides later on causes too much cognitive dissonance, so once on a path, one must stick to it.

Politicians must dial down the rhetoric over COVID vaccines. (2021). Nature, 591(7851), 502–502. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-00769-7

Misinformation “superspreaders”: Covid vaccine falsehoods still thriving on Facebook and Instagram. (2021, January 6). The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/06/facebook-instagram-urged-fight-deluge-anti-covid-vaccine-falsehoods

Quintana, F.-J., & Uriburu, J. (2020). Modest International Law: COVID-19, International Legal Responses, and Depoliticization (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3659460). Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3659460