- Jul 2020
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osf.io osf.io
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Mishra, S. V. (2020). COVID-19, online teaching, and deepening digital divide in India [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/wzrak
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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A New Normal: How Social and Behavioral Science Can Help Us Cope With COVID-19. (2020, April 15). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JMEMq8wUD1k
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osf.io osf.io
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Rice, W. L., Mateer, T., Taff, B. D., Lawhon, B., Reigner, N., & Newman, P. (2020). Longitudinal changes in the outdoor recreation community’s reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic: Final report on a three-phase national survey of outdoor enthusiasts [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/gnjcy
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osf.io osf.io
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McKay, T., Henne, J., Gonzales, G., Quarles, R., Gavulic, K. A., & Gallegos, S. G. (2020). The COVID-19 Pandemic and Sexual Behavior among Gay and Bisexual Men in the United States. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/8fzay
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osf.io osf.io
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Codagnone, C., Bogliacino, F., Cangrejo, C. E. G., Charris, R. A., Montealegre, F., Liva, G., Lupiáñez-Villanueva, F., Folkvord (Frans), F., & Veltri, G. A. (2020). Assessing concerns for the economic consequence of the COVID-19 response and mental health problems associated with economic vulnerability and negative economic shock in Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/x9m36
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Leiserowitz, A., Maibach, E., Rosenthal, S. A., Kotcher, J., Bergquist, P., Ballew, M. T., Goldberg, M. H., Gustafson, A., & Wang, X. (2020). Climate change in the American Mind: April 2020 [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/8439q
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Leiserowitz, A., Maibach, E., Rosenthal, S. A., Kotcher, J., Ballew, M. T., Bergquist, P., Gustafson, A., Goldberg, M. H., & Wang, X. (2020). Politics and global warming, April 2020 [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/d7vbq
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www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com
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Ecker, U. K. H., Butler, L. H., Cook, J., Hurlstone, M. J., Kurz, T., & Lewandowsky, S. (2020). Using the COVID-19 economic crisis to frame climate change as a secondary issue reduces mitigation support. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 101464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101464
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Kelly, J. (2020, July 2). In defence of the U-turn – in politics and life. https://www.ft.com/content/f34fbf9e-81ee-4a0d-ae12-c236828b5c91
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Ecker, U. K. H., Butler, L. H., Cook, J., Hurlstone, M. J., Kurz, T., & Lewandowsky, S. (2020). Using the COVID-19 Economic Crisis to Frame Climate Change as a Secondary Issue Reduces Mitigation Support [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/zc2q8
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twitter.com twitter.com
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British Psychological Society rt Local Government Association (2020, May 20). "#MentalHealthAwarenessWeek: our webinar will explore the mental health impacts of #COVID19 across the life course & share how councils are working with partners to support public mental health and wellbeing. Join us on Thursday → http://socsi.in/gtRTr #CouncilsCan." Twitter. https://twitter.com/bpsofficial/status/1263113183373463553
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Makhanova, A., & Shepherd, M. A. (2020). Behavioral immune system linked to responses to the threat of COVID-19 [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6dq3g
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- Jun 2020
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Reicher, S. (2020, June 24). The way Boris Johnson has eased lockdown sends all the wrong messages | Stephen Reicher. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jun/24/boris-johnson-ease-lockdown-england
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members.tortoisemedia.com members.tortoisemedia.com
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nick. ‘Can Behavioural Science Beat C19? A ThinkIn with Nudge Author Cass Sunstein’, 28 May 2020. https://members.tortoisemedia.com/thinkin/can-behavioural-science-beat-c19-a-thinkin-with-nudge-author-cass-sunstein/content.html.
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Andy Slavitt @ 🏡 on Twitter: “COVID Update June 22: In a lot of ways, COVID-19 is forcing us to answer the question— what kind of society are we? Particulatly as the healthy, white & well off find ways to protect themselves will we look out for each other? 1/” / Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved June 24, 2020, from https://twitter.com/ASlavitt/status/1275261089165594625
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thenextwavefutures.wordpress.com thenextwavefutures.wordpress.com
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www.bloomberg.com www.bloomberg.com
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Plosz J. (2020, June 22). How the Coronavirus Recovery Is Changing Cities. Bloomberg.Com. https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2020-city-in-recovery/
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chem.libretexts.org chem.libretexts.org
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Figure 6.1.46.1.4\PageIndex{4}: Temperature versus heat. The system is constructed so that no vapor evaporates while ice warms to become liquid water, and so that, when vaporization occurs, the vapor remains in the system. The long stretches of constant temperatures at 0oC0oC0^oC and 100oC100oC100^oC reflect the large amounts of heat needed to cause melting and vaporization, respectively.
Figure 6.1.4 : Temperature versus heat. The system is constructed so that no vapor evaporates while ice warms to become liquid water, and so that, when vaporization occurs, the vapor remains in the system. The long stretches of constant temperatures at 0oC and 100oC reflect the large amounts of heat needed to cause melting and vaporization, respectively.
Tags
- chem1a
- Chemistry101A
- berkeley
- summer2020
- vaporization
- KW: heat
- enthalpy
- temperature
- melting
- phase change
- kubinec
Annotators
URL
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teacher.scholastic.com teacher.scholastic.com
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Daniels, D. (2020). First aid for feelings: A workbook to help kids cope during the coronavirus pandemic. Scholastic. PDF. http://teacher.scholastic.com/education/pdfs/FirstAidForFeelings_Eng.pdf
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www.sciencemag.org www.sciencemag.org
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CornwallApr. 16, W., 2020, & Am, 10:50. (2020, April 16). Crushing coronavirus means ‘breaking the habits of a lifetime.’ Behavior scientists have some tips. Science | AAAS. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/04/crushing-coronavirus-means-breaking-habits-lifetime-behavior-scientists-have-some-tips
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www.mhlw.go.jp www.mhlw.go.jp
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Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare - PDF
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www.thelancet.com www.thelancet.com
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The Lancet. (2020). Sustaining containment of COVID-19 in China. The Lancet, 395(10232), 1230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30864-3
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Huckins, J. F., dasilva, a., wang, w., Hedlund, E. L., Rogers, C., Nepal, S. K., … Campbell, A. T. (2020, May 4). Mental Health and Behavior During the Early Phases of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Mobile Smartphone and Ecological Momentary Assessment Study in College Students. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/4enzm
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docs.google.com docs.google.com
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Tidwell, J.B. (2020 March 12). Guide for behavioral researchers on handwashing behavior change for COVID-19. World Vision & Harvard University. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1pkO9kEgDqD07UP93zBZbZz5354rSYWVJy_mH_i7D7TM/edit
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Asbury, K., Fox, L., Deniz, E., Code, A., & Toseeb, U. (2020, April 21). How is COVID-19 affecting the mental health of children with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities and their families?. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/sevyd
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Yamagata, M., Teraguchi, T., & Miura, A. (2020, April 10). The Relationship between Infection-Avoidance Tendency and Exclusionary Attitudes towards Foreigners: A Case Study of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Japan. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/vhrqn
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www.bruno-latour.fr www.bruno-latour.fr
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Latour, B. (2020 March 29). A little exercise to make sure that, after the virus crisis, things don't start again as they were before. Bruno-latour.fr. http://www.bruno-latour.fr/node/852.html
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Yonemitsu, F., Ikeda, A., Yoshimura, N., Sasaki, K., Takashima, K., Qian, K., … Yamada, Y. (2020, May 4). Warning “Don’t spread” vs. “Don’t be a spreader” to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/u4z3e
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Coronavirus: Alle YouGov-Ergebnisse auf einen Blick. (2020 March 16). YouGov: What the world thinks. yougov.de/news/2020/03/16/covid-19-yougov-umfrage-ergebnisse-zum-coronavirus/
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Branas-Garza, P., Jorrat, D. A., Alfonso, A., Espin, A. M., García, T., & Kovarik, J. (2020). Exposure to the Covid-19 pandemic and generosity in southern Spain [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6ktuz
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Hironori Funabiki on Twitter
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blogs.lse.ac.uk blogs.lse.ac.uk
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Long read: Cultural evolution, Covid-19, and preparing for what’s next. (2020, April 22). LSE Business Review. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/businessreview/2020/04/22/long-read-cultural-evolution-covid-19-and-preparing-for-whats-next/
Tags
- behavioral science
- society
- problem
- future
- solution
- preparation
- government
- threat
- conflict
- cooperation
- cultural evolution
- climate change
- collectivist
- decision making
- causal understanding
- adaptation
- lang:en
- is:webpage
- COVID-19
- challenge
- behavioral change
- collective behavior
- disease
Annotators
URL
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papers.ssrn.com papers.ssrn.com
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Rowell, A. (2020). COVID-19 and Environmental Law. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3582879
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Zickfeld, J., Schubert, T. W., Herting, A. K., Grahe, J. E., & Faasse, K. (2020, April 16). Predictors of Health-Protective Behavior and Changes Over Time During the Outbreak of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Norway. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6vgf4
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Hou, Z., Lin, L., Lu, L., Du, F., Qian, M., Liang, Y., Zhang, J., & Yu, H. (2020). Public Exposure to Live Animals, Behavioural Change, and Support in Containment Measures in response to COVID-19 Outbreak: A population-based cross sectional survey in China [Preprint]. Public and Global Health. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.21.20026146
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onlinelibrary.wiley.com onlinelibrary.wiley.com
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Lally, P., van Jaarsveld, C. H. M., Potts, H. W. W., & Wardle, J. (2010). How are habits formed: Modelling habit formation in the real world. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(6), 998–1009. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.674
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arxiv.org arxiv.org
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Maier, B. F., & Brockmann, D. (2020). Effective containment explains subexponential growth in recent confirmed COVID-19 cases in China. Science, 368(6492), 742–746. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb4557
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Abdelrahman, M. K. (2020, April 14). Personality Traits, Risk Perception and Social Distancing During COVID-19. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6g7kh
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royalsociety.org royalsociety.org
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DELVE group publishes evidence paper on the use of face masks in tackling Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic | Royal Society. (2020 May 04). https://royalsociety.org/news/2020/05/delve-group-publishes-evidence-paper-on-use-of-face-masks/
Tags
- public health
- transmission reduction
- face mask
- behavioral change
- management
- infection
- DELVE
- policy
- Royal Society
- SAGE
- droplet
- social distancing
- publication
- evidence
- learning
- asymptomatic
- is:webpage
- COVID-19
- Data Evaluation and Learning for Viral Epidemics
- lang:en
- physical distancing
Annotators
URL
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covid19.gleamproject.org covid19.gleamproject.org
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Gleam Project | COVID-19 Mobility USA
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Yamagata, M., Teraguchi, T., & Miura, A. (2020, May 5). The Relationship between Infection-Avoidance Tendencies and Exclusionary Attitudes toward Foreigners: A Panel Study of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Japan. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/x5emj
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Kharal, L. (2020, May 16). “FORMATIVE RESEARCH” FOR SYSTEMATIC BEHAVIOR CHANGE PROGRAM DESIGN. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/bpqfw
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www.thelancet.com www.thelancet.com
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Paakkari, L., & Okan, O. (2020). COVID-19: Health literacy is an underestimated problem. The Lancet Public Health, S2468266720300864. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30086-4
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Gibson Miller, J., Hartman, T. K., Levita, L., Martinez, A. P., Mason, L., McBride, O., … Bentall, R. (2020, April 20). Capability, opportunity and motivation to enact hygienic practices in the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak in the UK. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/typqv
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www.behaviouralbydesign.co.nz www.behaviouralbydesign.co.nz
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5 Innovations in Behavioural Design for Physical Distancing. (2020 May 06) https://www.behaviouralbydesign.co.nz/post/5-innovations-in-behavioural-design-for-physical-distancing
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Raihani, N., & de-Wit, L. (2020, April 21). Factors Associated With Concern, Behaviour & Policy Support in Response to SARS-CoV-2. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/8jpzc
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www.researchgate.net www.researchgate.net
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Li, J., Hallsworth. A.G. and Coca-Stefaniak, J.A. (2020), “The changing grocery shopping behavior of Chineseconsumers at the outset of the COVID-19 outbreak”, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie. https://doi.org/10.1111/tesg.12420
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doi.org doi.org
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Willem, L., Hoang, T. V., Funk, S., Coletti, P., Beutels, P., & Hens, N. (2020). SOCRATES: An online tool leveraging a social contact data sharing initiative to assess mitigation strategies for COVID-19 [Preprint]. Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.03.20030627
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behavioralscientist.org behavioralscientist.org
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Gauri, V. (2020 April 30). Behavioral Public Policy Faces a Crisis. Behavioral Scientist. https://behavioralscientist.org/behavioral-public-policy-faces-a-crisis/
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Zhang, C., & Fedor, L. (2020, May 7). Most Americans trust governors over Trump on reopening, poll shows. https://www.ft.com/content/f1a86b43-391e-42bf-8686-d74d6433e336
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jamanetwork.com jamanetwork.com
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Berwick, D. M. (2020). Choices for the “New Normal.” JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6949
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oxfordre.com oxfordre.com
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Gardner, B., & Rebar, A. L. (2019). Habit Formation and Behavior Change. In B. Gardner & A. L. Rebar, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.129
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www.reddit.com www.reddit.com
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Herzog, S. (2020 April 9). *"back to the future", not "back to normal". Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/BehSciAsk/comments/fx4hs3/what_behavioural_factors_will_affect_getting_back/fmsgqg7/
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DaveLagnado on Reddit
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www.theatlantic.com www.theatlantic.com
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Tufekci, Z. (2020, April 2). Don’t Believe the COVID-19 Models. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/04/coronavirus-models-arent-supposed-be-right/609271/
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Bourassa, K. J. (2020, June 10). State-level Stay-at-home Orders and Objectively Measured Movement in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/hyd57
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onlinelibrary.wiley.com onlinelibrary.wiley.com
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Michie, Susan, Robert West, M. Brooke Rogers, Chris Bonell, G. James Rubin, and Richard Amlôt. “Reducing SARS-CoV-2 Transmission in the UK: A Behavioural Science Approach to Identifying Options for Increasing Adherence to Social Distancing and Shielding Vulnerable People.” British Journal of Health Psychology n/a, no. n/a. Accessed May 25, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12428.
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github.com github.com
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Crystal, J. (2020, May 18). Mobilizing behavioral scientists to respond to COVID-19. Psychonomic Society Featured Content. https://featuredcontent.psychonomic.org/mobilizing-behavioral-scientists-to-respond-to-covid-19/
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Wasil, A., Taylor, M., Franzen, R., Steinberg, J., & DeRubeis, R. (2020). Promoting Graduate Student Mental Health during COVID-19: Acceptability and Perceived Utility of an Online Single-Session Intervention [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/x9ch8 gr
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Chater, N. (2020, April 07). ""Stickiness" and behavioural change - what do we know about the importance of time?" Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/BehSciAsk/comments/fwkd6g/stickiness_and_behavioural_change_what_do_we_know/
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Crist, M. (2020, March 27). Opinion | What the Coronavirus Means for Climate Change. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/27/opinion/sunday/coronavirus-climate-change.html
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Falco, P., & Zaccagni, S. (2020). Promoting social distancing in a pandemic: Beyond the good intentions [Preprint]. Open Science Framework. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/a2nys
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- May 2020
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yunicsolutions.com yunicsolutions.com
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Reasons You Might Want to change your job! Leave a Comment / Blog Contact If you’re planning on leaving or changing your current job, this blog is going to help you in a certain way. Given what’s going on right now, some of you might be saying that the last thing you’re thinking about is changing jobs. I totally understand. But there are companies hiring today. And they’re looking for the best talent. So, deciding whether to change or leave your job remains a very personal decision. There are three things that I would suggest to someone who’s trying to make the decision about changing jobs. I can’t answer these questions, but I do think the answers will help someone figure it out for themselves. Your job is impacting your health. First and foremost, if your job is making you physically or emotionally sick, you need to step back and think. There are jobs where risks do exist, and individuals take those roles knowing that. Jobs in health care, construction, etc. come to mind. Individuals in these industries are taking as many preventive measures as they can. Your work doesn’t make you happy anymore. This could be one of two things: 1) You love what you do but you don’t love the company (or your boss) anymore. OR 2) You’ve fallen out of love with the work. Maybe you used to love traveling as part of your job and now, not so much. It’s important to understand which one you’re dealing with. (NOTE: It’s also possible that the answer is both #1 and #2.) Your career doesn’t make financial sense. I don’t want to simply say that the job doesn’t pay enough. Because maybe the pay is fine. It’s possible that the benefits package doesn’t suit your current situation. Or the cost of maintaining your professional license is getting expensive and the company isn’t reimbursing. The question is “Does your current position adequately cover your living situation?” Once you honestly and seriously answer the above questions, it might help you decide if you want to make a change AND more importantly, what you might want to make a change to. There is some truth to the saying that the best time to look for a new job is when you have a job. I realize not everyone gets that opportunity which is why it can make some sense to always be thinking about your job wants and needs. If you’re thinking about a new opportunity, I want to give you something else to consider. Now is the time to start planning. Don’t wait until you have to make a move to start planning for it. Here are three action steps that will help you find your next job. Also, there are some other important questions that you might want to ask yourself before taking the big step : What specifically about my current situation is frustrating to me? Pinpointing the issue is the first step towards solving it. Kimberly Bishop, recruiter and chief of her eponymous career management firm based in New York, advises employees to identify how their job is failing them. Is the problem the people, the environment or the work itself? After you’ve defined the frustration, consider the scope. If you decide you’re creatively stifled, for example, you may not need to quit to fill the void. Seek an outlet outside of work or raise your hand for another department or project. Have I taken every action possible to make my current job workable? If you realize your situation is not abusive and could be manageable, consider the steps you might take to improve it. Try taking a positive attitude, altering your time management or work habits, and communicating more clearly with your manager. Perhaps a schedule change or clearing an item off your workload will make a big difference. Ultimately, what do I want for my job, career, and life? “A big mistake: When people decide to quit they think they’ll just update their resume and start networking,” says Bishop, who advises being more thoughtful about what you really want and how you’ll get there. Define your priorities. Going to law school may be intellectually stimulating but will not help you achieve the flexible schedule you’ve been craving. Similarly, if you’d like to make a career change, think about all the necessary steps. They may include more school, a pay cut, or working your way up from the bottom–again. Once you know exactly what you want, you may want to ask: How much do I want it? Have I saved enough to cover nine to 12 months of expenses? Susan Hirshman, financial planner and author of Does This Make My Assets Look Fat?, says a few years ago she told people to save enough for six months of expenses. Now she tells people they need nine to 12 months. “If you’re quitting, you won’t get unemployment,” she cautions. Hirshman suggests mapping out fixed expenses like mortgage, credit card, and loan payments, transportation, and food, as well as factoring in the “what if” costs. You may need a little extra to cushion against the unexpected, like car or appliance repairs. How might I cut expenses or earn income while between jobs? After completing a detailed budget, you may realize you’re coming up short and need to create some cash. Often, income is easily supplanted with a part-time service job. However, Hirshman warns that even waiter jobs are difficult to come by in the current economy. You only have two options: Cut expenses or bring in more money. Figure out what will work for you and be honest with yourself, Hirshman says. Have I timed this appropriately? Agryie suggests that employees who’ve decided to quit consider their timing. Firstly, are you in the midst of the busiest season or working on a big project? You may want to honor your commitments so that your team isn’t left in a bind and you’re able to leave on good terms. Secondly, “maximize the money,” he says. If you’d like to get your quarterly bonus or the holiday vacation, it might be smart to wait a few months. So after answering all these questions for yourself, you’d be able to decide if you’d want to continue with your old job or career or switch to a new one.Put together a job search plan. Grab a notebook and start plotting your strategy. Think about your skills. Make note of the knowledge and skills you want to work on before starting to interview. List your must-haves and nice-to-haves for your next company and job. Start thinking about your professional network, both online and the one on one type. Identify the resources you need. It’s possible that you would benefit from taking a class, joining a professional group, or reading some books. Make a list of everything you need and roughly how much it will cost. Start budgeting for these items. Also, think about if you will be out of work for a while and if you will need to cover health insurance in-between jobs. That needs to be budgeted as well. Ask for support. Once you have a plan, reach out to your network. Start reconnecting with them. If you’ve been doing that all along – fantastic! If you haven’t, it will take some time before you can ask for favors. Also, be sure to speak with your family and make sure they’re prepared to support you through this transition. Changing jobs will impact them too. Regardless of where you are in your career and what’s going on in the economy, the job search process is hard. It takes time. The best suggestions I can give someone is to think about why you’re considering a change and create a plan to get from where you are to where you see yourself. The worst thing someone can do is react too quickly and find themselves in another toxic workplace. I know that the current work situation is tough but remember it’s tough you know. Have a plan and work the plan out. You’ll definitely succeed. All the best!
A job change is a big decision and requires a good consideration. We are here to give reasons why you might want to change the job.
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www.bps.org.uk www.bps.org.uk
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BPS launches new behaviour change guidance to help reduce spread of Covid-19 | BPS. (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2020, from https://www.bps.org.uk/news-and-policy/bps-launches-new-behaviour-change-guidance-help-reduce-spread-covid-19
Tags
- spread
- change
- policymaker
- clinical
- guidance
- reduce
- insight
- is:news
- communicator
- psychology
- COVID-19
- personality
- lang:en
- behavior
- psychological
Annotators
URL
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Sutin, A., Luchetti, M., Aschwanden, D., Lee, J., Sesker, A. A., Strickhouser, J., … Terracciano, A. (2020, May 6). Change in Five-Factor Model Personality Traits During the Acute Phase of the Coronavirus Pandemic. Retrieved from psyarxiv.com/ja7b5
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www.thelancet.com www.thelancet.com
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Redelmeier, D. A., & Shafir, E. (2020). Pitfalls of judgment during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Public Health, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30096-7
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Soutter, A., & Mõttus, R. (2020). Political Preferences, Personality Traits, and Environmentalism. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/fm95k
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www.tandfonline.com www.tandfonline.com
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Bostrom, A., Böhm, G., O’Connor, R. E., Hanss, D., Bodi-Fernandez, O., & Halder, P. (2020). Comparative risk science for the coronavirus pandemic. Journal of Risk Research, 0(0), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2020.1756384
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www.cebm.net www.cebm.net
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UK Data for Assessing COVID-19 Activity. (n.d.). CEBM. Retrieved May 12, 2020, from https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/covid-19-uk-data-for-assessing-the-way-out-of-lockdown/
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Ayers, J. D., Beltran, D. G., Alcock, J., Baciu, C., Claessens, S., Cronk, L., Hudson, N., Miller, G., Tidball, K., Winfrey, P., Zarka, E., Todd, P. M., & Aktipis, A. (2020). How is the COVID-19 pandemic affecting cooperation? [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/pk6jy
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gitlab.com gitlab.com
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given the popularity and the fact that I'm not convinced we shouldn't have first-class support for this
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Even given all that, I haven't decided to close the door on offering this support in the future. If it was my opinion that we were not going to accept this ever, I would have closed the issue.
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Martin, R., & Ruby, M. (2020). What does food retail research tell us about the implications of COVID-19 for grocery purchasing habits? [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/z2kup
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ourworldindata.org ourworldindata.orgAbout1
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About. (n.d.). Our World in Data. Retrieved May 25, 2020, from https://ourworldindata.org/about
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Kenward, B., & Brick, C. (2020, May 15). Even Conservative voters prefer the environment to be at the heart of post-COVID-19 economic reconstruction in the UK. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ebzhs
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www.citylab.com www.citylab.com
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Bliss, L. (n.d.). Elevators Changed Cities. Will Coronavirus Change Elevators? CityLab. Retrieved May 22, 2020, from https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2020/05/elevator-anxiety-coronavirus-health-risks-design-history/611032/
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Johnson, N.F., Velásquez, N., Restrepo, N.J. et al. The online competition between pro- and anti-vaccination views. Nature (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2281-1
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bfi.uchicago.edu bfi.uchicago.edu
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Brzezinski, A., Kecht, V., Van Dijcke, D., Wright, A. (2020) Belief in Science Influences Physical Distancing in Response to COVID-19 Lockdown Policies. BFI. https://bfi.uchicago.edu/working-paper/belief-in-science-influences-physical-distancing-in-response-to-covid-19-lockdown-policies/
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Leary, A., Dvorak, R., De Leon, A., Peterson, R., & Troop-Gordon, W. (2020). COVID-19 Social Distancing [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/mszw2
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Gouin, J.-P. (2020). Social, Cognitive, and Emotional Predictors of Adherence to Physical Distancing During the COVID-19 Pandemic [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ksj52
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Fischer, H., & Said, N. (2020, May 12). Metacognition_ClimateChange_Fischer&Said_Preprint. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/fd6gy
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dialoguematters.co.uk dialoguematters.co.uk
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Online Meetings, Workshops & Training. (n.d.). Dialogue Matters. Retrieved May 11, 2020, from https://dialoguematters.co.uk/online-meetings-workshops-and-guidance/
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www.hprubse.nihr.ac.uk www.hprubse.nihr.ac.uk
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Roll-out of coronavirus behaviour change website will help public transition to “new normal.” (n.d.). Retrieved May 11, 2020, from http://www.hprubse.nihr.ac.uk/news/roll-out-of-coronavirus-behaviour-change-website-will-help-public-transition-to-new-normal/
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www.nature.com www.nature.com
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West, R., Michie, S., Rubin, G. J., & Amlôt, R. (2020). Applying principles of behaviour change to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Nature Human Behaviour, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0887-9
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www.thelancet.com www.thelancet.com
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Psychiatry, T. L. (2020). Mental health and COVID-19: Change the conversation. The Lancet Psychiatry, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30194-2
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Elmer, T., Mepham, K., & Stadtfeld, C. (2020). Students under lockdown: Assessing change in students’ social networks and mental health during the COVID-19 crisis [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ua6tq
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www.tandfonline.com www.tandfonline.com
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Kotcher, J. E., Myers, T. A., Vraga, E. K., Stenhouse, N., & Maibach, E. W. (2017). Does Engagement in Advocacy Hurt the Credibility of Scientists? Results from a Randomized National Survey Experiment. Environmental Communication, 11(3), 415–429. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2016.1275736
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- Apr 2020
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www.climate-kic.org www.climate-kic.org
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EIT Climate-KIC is a Knowledge and Innovation Community (KIC), working to accelerate the transition to a zero-carbon economy. Supported by the European Institute of Innovation and Technology, we identify and support innovation that helps society mitigate and adapt to climate change. We believe that a decarbonised, sustainable economy is not only necessary to prevent catastrophic climate change, but presents a wealth of opportunities for business and society.
would be interesting to understand more about their budget, philosophy and approach.
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influencemap.org influencemap.org
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About InfluenceMap InfluenceMap empowers investors, corporations, the media and campaigners with data-driven and clearly communicated analysis on critical issues associated with climate change and the energy transition. Our flagship platform is the world's leading analysis of how companies and trade associations impact climate-motivated policy globally.
Tags
Annotators
URL
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www.scientificamerican.com www.scientificamerican.com
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Butler, S. B. O., Robb. (n.d.). The World Health Organization Needs to Put Human Behavior at the Center of Its Initiatives. Scientific American. Retrieved April 24, 2020, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-world-health-organization-needs-to-put-human-behavior-at-the-center-of-its-initiatives/
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www.thelancet.com www.thelancet.com
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Cowling, B. J., Ali, S. T., Ng, T. W. Y., Tsang, T. K., Li, J. C. M., Fong, M. W., Liao, Q., Kwan, M. Y., Lee, S. L., Chiu, S. S., Wu, J. T., Wu, P., & Leung, G. M. (2020). Impact assessment of non-pharmaceutical interventions against coronavirus disease 2019 and influenza in Hong Kong: An observational study. The Lancet Public Health, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30090-6
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zoom.us zoom.us
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¡Bienvenido! Se lo invita a unirse a una reunión: Applying Behavioral Economics to Work and Life. Luego de la inscripción, recibirá un e-mail de confirmación para unirse a la reunión. (n.d.). Zoom Video. Retrieved April 23, 2020, from https://zoom.us/meeting/register/tJUodu6opj4sG9wTXoXvEN_-OVis_vJ6SZi1
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Kutscher, C. (2020 April 8). The Coronavirus and Climate Change: How we're making the same mistakes. Medium. https://medium.com/@chuck.kutscher/the-coronavirus-and-climate-change-how-were-making-the-same-mistakes-2cd01cce2295
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www.nesta.org.uk www.nesta.org.uk
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Cretu, C. (2020 April 15). Signals in the noise. Nesta. https://www.nesta.org.uk/report/signals-noise/
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www.nesta.org.uk www.nesta.org.uk
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Haley, C., Orlik, J., Czibor, E., Cuello, H., Firpo, T., Goettsch, M., Stouffs, L., Smith, L. (2020 April 09). There will be no 'back to normal'. Nesta. nesta.org.uk/blog/there-will-be-no-back-normal/
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www.nature.com www.nature.com
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Viglione, G. (2020). A year without conferences? How the coronavirus pandemic could change research. Nature, 579(7799), 327–328. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-00786-y
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www.reddit.com www.reddit.com
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r/BehSciResearch - Planned study: The world post COVID-19. (n.d.). Reddit. Retrieved April 9, 2020, from https://www.reddit.com/r/BehSciResearch/comments/ftkavp/planned_study_the_world_post_covid19/
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arxiv.org arxiv.org
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Crutchfield, J. P. (2020). The Hidden Fragility of Complex Systems—Consequences of Change, Changing Consequences. ArXiv:2003.11153 [Cond-Mat, Physics:Nlin, Physics:Physics]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.11153
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rocs.hu-berlin.de rocs.hu-berlin.de
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Forecasts by Country. (n.d.). Retrieved April 17, 2020, from http://rocs.hu-berlin.de/corona/docs/forecast/results_by_country/
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doi.org doi.org
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Jarvis, C. I., Zandvoort, K. V., Gimma, A., Prem, K., Group, C. C.-19 working, Klepac, P., Rubin, G. J., & Edmunds, W. J. (2020). Quantifying the impact of physical distance measures on the transmission of COVID-19 in the UK. MedRxiv, 2020.03.31.20049023. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.31.20049023
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Pennycook, G., McPhetres, J., Bago, B., & Rand, D. G. (2020, April 14). Predictors of attitudes and misperceptions about COVID-19 in Canada, the U.K., and the U.S.A. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/zhjkp
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- Mar 2020
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www.cmswire.com www.cmswire.com
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The GDPR is a sea change and requires companies to go much further than they have in the past under the old framework. Principles like data minimization, what constitutes valid consent, and when a business can claim a legitimate interest in someone's personal data provide serious challenges to U.S. businesses.
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- Feb 2020
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about.gitlab.com about.gitlab.com
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People that join GitLab all say they already practice this iteration. But this is the value that they have the hardest time adopting. People are trained that if you don't deliver a perfect or polished thing you get dinged for it. If you do just one piece of something you have to come back to it. Doing the whole thing seems more efficient, even though it isn't.
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about.gitlab.com about.gitlab.com
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it is worth opening a merge request with the minimal viable change instead of opening an issue encouraging open feedback on the problem without proposing any specific change directly.
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- Jan 2020
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www.adaptivecapacitylabs.com www.adaptivecapacitylabs.com
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How Complex Systems Fail
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gist.github.com gist.github.com
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Steve Yegge Rant
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- Dec 2019
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www.impactlab.org www.impactlab.org
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New analysis by the Climate Impact Lab brings more bad news for American skiers already experiencing disappointing conditions at their favorite resorts. Within the next 20 years, the number of days at or below freezing in some of the most popular ski towns in the US will decline by weeks or even a month. If global greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise at the same pace that they did in the first decade of this century, ski resorts could see half as many sub-freezing days compared to historical averages by late century.
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www.climate.gov www.climate.gov
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Across the CONUS as a whole, total snowfall largely declined between 1930 and 2007, according to a 2009 study cited by the Environmental Protection Agency. That study examined long-term snowfall-station data, finding that snowfall totals dropped by more than half in the Northwest, and also declined sharply in the Southwest.
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frankensteinvariorum.github.io frankensteinvariorum.github.io
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Shelley’s Poems.—“On Mutability.”
In the Thomas copy, a note at the foot of the page attributes these lines as "Shelley's Poems. -- "On Mutability." The citation does not appear in the 1831 edition.
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Thomas copy: pencil mark joins paragraphs.
In the Thomas copy a pencil mark here joins these paragraphs.
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And the contortions that ever and anon conpulsvulsed & deformed his un-human features.
This addition to the Thomas copy associates the creature with the "un-human," an early indication of revisions in 1831 that will make the Creature more monstrous and less compellingly human than he had been in the 1818 original.
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a disease that I regretted the more because I had hitherto enjoyed most excellent health, and had always boasted of the firmness of my nerves.my voice became broken, my trembling hands almost refused to accomplish their task; I became as timid as a love-sick girl, and alternate tremor and passionate ardour took the place of wholesome sensation and regulated ambition.
This revision in the Thomas Copy adds a vivid account of Victor's symptoms as they seem to drain him of masculinity and make him quiver "as a love-sick girl." In 1831 Shelley rewrote this passage again without the gendered simile.
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renowned for its hospitality
This passage is underlined in the Thomas Manuscript.
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The event of these enquiries interested my understanding, I may say my imagination, until I was exalted to a kind of transport. And indeed
This brief addition in the Thomas Copy emphasizes the extent to which Victor's interest in human physiology carries away his imagination until he is "exalted to a kind of transport."
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ruled by different laws and in which numerous circumstances enforce a belief that the aspect of nature differs essentially from anything of which we have any experience.
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frankensteinvariorum.github.io frankensteinvariorum.github.io
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Yet one duty remained to me, the recollection of which finally triumphed over my selfish despair. It was necessary that I should return without delay to Geneva, there to watch over the lives of those I so fondly loved; and to lie in wait for the murderer, that if any chance led me to the place of his concealment, or if he dared again to blast me by his presence, I might, with unfailing aim, put an end to the existence of the monstrous Image which I had endued with the mockery of a soul still more monstrous. My father still desired to delay our departure, fearful that I could not sustain the fatigues of a journey: for I was a shattered wreck,—the shadow of a human being. My strength was gone. I was a mere skeleton; and fever night and day preyed upon my wasted frame. Still, as I urged our leaving Ireland with such inquietude and impatience, my father thought it best to yield. We took our passage on board a vessel bound for Havre-de-Grace, and sailed with a fair wind from the Irish shores
In the 1818 edition, Victor is chastized by a prison guard for having a guilty conscience, despite his exoneration for Clerval's murder. In the 1831 version, this exchange is replaced by Victor's weakening physical and mental state as he travels home to Geneva with his father.
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This circumstance, added to his well known integrity and dauntless courage, made me very desirous to engage him. A youth passed in solitude, my best years spent under your gentle and feminine fosterage, has so refined the groundwork of my character, that I cannot overcome an intense distaste to the usual brutality exercised on board ship: I have never believed it to be necessary; and when I heard of a mariner equally noted for his kindliness of heart, and the respect and obedience paid to him by his crew, I felt myself peculiarly fortunate in being able to secure his services. I heard of him first in rather a romantic manner, from a lady who owes to him the happiness of her life. This, briefly, is his story.
In this addition to the 1831 edition, Walton turns the focus of this passage about the ship’s master onto himself and how his older sister fostered him somewhat like a mother and helped build his character. Where 1818 says little about Mrs. Saville’s character, Walton now likens her to Elizabeth, who will also act as a mother figure to Victor Frankenstein after his own mother’s death. The 1831 edition more strongly accentuates the domestic world throughout the new version.
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A tingling long-lost sense of pleasure often came across me during this journey. Some turn in the road, some new object suddenly perceived and recognised, reminded me of days gone by, and were associated with the light-hearted gaiety of boyhood. The very winds whispered in soothing accents, and maternal nature bade me weep no more. Then again the kindly influence ceased to act—I found myself fettered again to grief, and indulging in all the misery of reflection. Then I spurred on my animal, striving so to forget the world, my fears, and, more than all, myself—or, in a more desperate fashion, I alighted, and threw myself on the grass, weighed down by horror and despair. At length I arrived at the village of Chamounix. Exhaustion succeeded to the extreme fatigue both of body and 80of mind which I had endured. For a short space of time
In the 1831 edition, since Victor now travels alone rather than with his family, his perceptions seem to be more emotionally turbulent than when he shares the trip with Elizabeth and his father in the 1818 version.
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I must not be trifled with: and I demand an answer.
In the 1818 edition the Creature says he had tried and failed to elicit Victor's compassion. In this 1831 revision, he is more direct and demanding.
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It was in the latter end of September
In earlier editions, Victor leaves Switzerland in late August. The 1831 edition changes the timeline to late September.
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altered her since I last beheld her; it had endowed her with loveliness surpassing the beauty of her childish years. There was the same candour, the same vivacity, but it was allied to an expression more full of sensibility and intellect.
This revision to 1831 emphasizes Elizabeth's "sensibility" and "intellect" as a full grown woman and her "slight and graceful" figure.
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when I reflect that you are pursuing the same course, exposing yourself to the same dangers which have rendered me what I am, I imagine that you may deduce an apt moral from my tale; one that may direct you if you succeed in your undertaking, and console you in case of failure. Prepare to hear of occurrences which are usually deemed marvellous. Were we among the tamer scenes of nature, I might fear to encounter your unbelief, perhaps your ridicule; but many things will appear possible in these wild and mysterious regions, which would provoke the laughter of those unacquainted with the ever-varied powers of nature:—nor can I doubt bu
In this revision, the 1831 edition makes Victor far more explicit about the parallels between his own quest for knowledge as power and Walton's expedition. Victor also attributes this insight to the sublime context of their Arctic location. The 1818 edition only suggests Walton will learn from Victor's story.
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I saw him too; he was free last night!”
In this revision to the 1831 edition, VIctor's confusion at this report of the murderer almost exposes his knowledge of the true perpetrator.
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so that I even saw not the faces of those mighty friends. Still I would penetrate their misty veil, and seek them in their cloudy retreats. What were rain and storm to me? My mule was brought to the door, and I resolved to ascend
In the 1831 edition, nature is personified in greater detail. Victor continues up the Arveiron with his mule and the mountains, the "mighty friends," his only companions.
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Among these there was one which attracted my mother far above all the rest. She appeared of a different stock.
In 1831 Shelley makes one of the most controversial revisions of the 1818 edition. In the 1818, Elizabeth is a blood relation--Victor's first cousin--since she is the daughter of his father's brother. In the 1831 edition, Elizabeth is instead "discovered" by Caroline. Caroline notices a comely blonde girl "of a different stock" among the dark-eyed, Italian "vagrants." When Caroline learns that Elizabeth is the daughter of a Milanese nobleman and a German woman she decides that Elizabeth and Victor should someday marry. Thus the potential implication of incest in 1818, when Victor eventually weds his cousin, is erased in 1831.
See, for instance:
Ketterer, David "Thematic Anatomy: Intrinsic Structures" in Frankenstein: Bloom's Major Literary Characters, ed. Harold Bloom (Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2004), 33-54; Richardson, Alan "Rethinking Romantic Incest: Human Universals, Literary Representation, and the Biology of Mind." New Literary History 31, no.3 (2000): 553-572; Twitchell, James B. Forbidden Partners: The Incest Taboo in Modern Culture (New York: Columbia UP, 1987).
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The first of those sorrows which are 77sent to wean us from the earth, had visited her, and its dimming influence quenched her dearest smiles
In this 1831 revision, Shelley emphasizes the physiognomy of Elizabeth's melancholy, witness by Victor in her somber countenance, absent in previous editions.
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Yet it is terrible to reflect 192that the lives of all these men are endangered through me. If we are lost, my mad schemes are the cause. And
In this 1831 revision, Walton no longer refers to the Roman Stoic philosopher, Seneca, telling his sister he will "die with a good heart." Instead he regrets that this own "mad schemes" have resulted in a threat to the lives of many others.
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he was wearing away his time fruitlessly where he was; that letters from the friends he had formed in London desired his return to complete the negotiation they had entered into for his Indian enterprise. He could not any longer delay his departure; but as his journey to London might be followed, even sooner than he now conjectured, by his longer voyage, he entreated me to bestow as much of my society on him as I could spare. He besought me, therefore, to leave my solitary isle, and to meet him at Perth, that we might proceed southwards together.
In this revision to 1831 edition, Shelley elaborates on Clerval's "Indian enterprise," mentioned earlier in the previous chapter. Clerval wishes Victor to return to Perth to spend time together before the former's voyage to India. In the 1818 edition, Clerval notes they had been traveling in Britain for a year, and should take the next year of their voyage to return to Switzerland, via France.
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a new spirit of life animated the decaying frame of the stranger. He manifested the greatest eagerness
The change from Victor’s countenance as seeming “very eager” (1818) to “a new spirit of life animated the decaying frame...” (1831) prefigures the same "animation" of the Creature later in Volume 1. FIX TYPO in TEXT--DELETE "THE" "time the a new"
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He has frequently conversed with me on mine, which I have communicated to him without disguise. He entered attentively into all my arguments in favour of my eventual success, and into every minute detail of the measures I had taken to secure it. I was easily led by the sympathy which he evinced, to use the language of my heart; to give utterance to the burning ardour of my soul; and to say, with all the fervour that warmed me, how gladly I would sacrifice my fortune, my existence, my every hope, to the furtherance of my enterprise. One man’s life or death were but a small price to pay for the acquirement of the knowledge which I sought; for the dominion I should acquire and transmit over the elemental foes of our race. As I spoke, a dark gloom spread over my listener’s countenance. At first I perceived that he tried to suppress his emotion; he placed his hands before his eyes; and my voice quivered and failed me, as I beheld tears trickle fast from between his fingers,—a groan burst from his heaving breast. I paused; —at length he spoke, in broken accents:—“Unhappy man! Do you share my madness? Have you drank also of the intoxicating draught? Hear me,—let me reveal my tale, and you will dash the cup from your lips!” Such words, you may imagine, strongly excited my curiosity; but the paroxysm of grief that had seized the stranger overcame his weakened powers, and many hours of repose and tranquil conversation were necessary to restore his composure. Having conquered the violence of his feelings, he appeared to despise himself for being the slave of passion; and quelling the dark tyranny of despair, he led me again to converse concerning myself personally. He asked me the history of my earlier years. The tale was quickly told: 16but it awakened various trains of reflection. I spoke of my desire of finding a friend—of my thirst for a more intimate sympathy with a fellow mind than had ever fallen to my lot; and expressed my conviction that a man could boast of little happiness, who did not enjoy this blessing. “I agree with you,” replied the stranger; “we are unfashioned creatures, but half made up, if one wiser, better, dearer than ourselves—such a friend ought to be—do not lend his aid to perfectionate our weak and faulty natures.
In this lengthy addition to the 1831 edition, Walton's brazen willingness to sacrifice the life of a human being to realize his own ambition for knowledge more strongly motivates Victor to "reveal my tale" as a powerful lesson to teach Walton's naive hopes for glory. The passage underscores the symbiotic "madness" that the mariner and the scientist share.
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Elizabeth
In the 1831 version Victor still refers to Elizabeth as his cousin, but in an affectionate, rather than familial, sense.
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Most of the night she spent here watching; towards morning she believed that she slept for a few minutes; some steps disturbed her, and she awoke. It was dawn,
In this 1831 addition, Justine's testimony mentions the sound of "some steps" disturbing her as she waited out the night in the barn. This may be another reference to the creature, as with Victor's near slip with Ernest.
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but there was something in my glance which communicated terror to her, and trembling she asked,
In this 1831 revision, Shelley suggest that Victor's facial expression and agitation betrays his fear to Elizabeth.
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Elizabeth
In this change to the 1831 edition, "Elizabeth" appears instead of "niece." Elizabeth had been the father's brother's daughter (or Victor's actual cousin) in the 1818 edition, but this is no longer true in 1831.
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My dearest Victor, what infatuation is this?
In all editions before 1831, Victor's father asks his son whether he is "mad." Shelley's change of this word is peculiar, since Victor's response--"I am not mad"--seems more natural to the father's original question than it does to the 1831 question about his "infatuation."
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My tale was not one to announce publicly; its astounding horror would be looked upon as madness by the vulgar. Did any one indeed exist, except I, the creator, who would believe, unless his senses convinced him, in the existence of the living monument of presumption and rash ignorance which I had let loose upon the world?
In this 1831 addition, Victor rationalizes his decision to withhold his knowledge of the creature in relation to Justine's trial by reflecting that no one would believe him, or more likely, would think him mad.
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But success shall crown my endeavours. Wherefore not? Thus far I have gone, tracing a secure way over the pathless seas: the very stars themselves being witnesses and testimonies of my triumph. Why not still proceed over the untamed yet obedient element? What can stop the determined heart and resolved will of man? My swelling heart involuntarily pours itself out thus. But I must finish. Heaven bless my beloved sister!
This 1831 addition further emphasizes Walton’s bravado, pride, and ethos as an Arctic explorer. The dichotomy of rational man and untamed nature extends throughout the text. The change makes Walton further resemble Victor, who also acts on a “determined heart and resolved will” despite the consequences.
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And thus for a time I was occupied by exploded systems, mingling, like an unadept, a thousand contradictory theories, and floundering desperately in a very slough of multifarious knowledge, guided by an ardent imagination and childish reasoning, till an accident again changed the current of my ideas.
The 1831 edition adds references to "exploded systems" and "contradictory theories" that underscore Victor's engagement with kinds of science animated by imagination and wonder rather than critical restraint or careful study.
In the tale of the blasted stump that follows this passage, as with his discovery of the copy of Agrippa, once again Victor's fate is presented as the result of a confluence of his childlike enthusiasm and cosmic accident.
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He bitterly deplored the false pride which led his friend to a conduct so little worthy of the affection that united them. He lost no time in endeavouring to seek him out, with the hope of persuading him to begin the world again through his credit and assistance.
This substantial revision in 1831 seems to place greater blame on Beaufort for his condition as a matter of "false pride", implying that Beaufort's sins have betrayed the affection that once united thim with Victor's father. In the 1818 version, his father's primary concern is for the loss of Beaufort's company and his contributions to Genevese society.
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“very poetry of nature.”
In the 1818 edition Shelley attributed this passage in a footnote to Leigh Hunt's poem "Rimini" (1816), but she no longer cites the poem's title or author in 1831.
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In a thousand ways he smoothed for me the path of knowledge, and made the most abstruse enquiries clear and facile to my apprehension. My application was at first fluctuating and uncertain; it gained strength as I proceeded, and soon
In this 1831 revision, M. Waldman's influence depends less on his personality or charisma and more on his capabilities as a teacher.
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tempest
The term tempest in 1831 replaces storm in 1818.
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survive to add to the list of his dark crimes.
In the first edition, Victor fears the Creature will survive to "make another such a wretch as [he] is," tormenting him out of loneliness and hopelessness. In the 1831 edition, however, Victor asks Walton to end the Creature's life, so that the Creature might not "survive to add to the list of his dark crimes."
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Even now, as I commence my task, his full-toned voice swells in my ears; his lustrous eyes dwell on me with all their melancholy sweetness; I see his thin hand raised in animation, while the lineaments of his face are irradiated by the soul within. Strange and harrowing must be his story; frightful the storm which embraced the gallant vessel on its course, and wrecked it—thus!
In this revision for the 1831 edition, Shelley emphasizes the effect Victor has on Walton and stresses Victor's weakened state.
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professors. Chance—or rather the evil influence, the Angel of Destruction, which asserted omnipotent sway over me from the moment I turned my reluctant steps from my father’s door—led me first to M. Krempe, professor of natural philosophy. He was an uncouth man, but deeply embued in the secrets of his science. He asked me several questions concerning my progress in the different branches of science appertaining to natural philosophy. I replied carelessly; and, partly in contempt, mentioned the names of my alchymists as the principal authors I had studied.
In the 1831 edition, the portrayal of Professor M.Krempe becomes even more unflattering than it was in the 1818 version, showing him to be "uncouth" and Victor's evil "Angel of Destruction."
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The voyage came to an end. We landed, and proceeded to Paris. I soon found that I had overtaxed my strength, and that I must repose before I could continue my journey. My father’s care and attentions were indefatigable; but he did not know the origin of my sufferings, and sought erroneous methods to remedy the incurable ill. He wished me to seek amusement in society. I abhorred the face of man. Oh, not abhorred! they were my brethren, my fellow beings, and I felt attracted even to the most repulsive among them, as to creatures of an angelic nature and celestial mechanism. But I felt that I had no right to share their intercourse. I had unchained an enemy among them, whose joy it was to shed their blood, and to revel in their groans. How they would, each and all, abhor me, and hunt me from the world, did they know my unhallowed acts, and the crimes which had their source in me! My father yielded at length to my desire to avoid society, and strove by various arguments to banish my
In all editions but the 1831, Victor says he wished to avoid London because he "dreaded to see again those places in which [he] had enjoyed a few moments of tranquility with [his] beloved Clerval." The 1831 edition makes no mention of Clerval; now Victor's father entreats his son to seek solace in the company of society, which Victor refuses, out of guilt and his guilt at unleashing "an enemy among them." Also eliminated in 1813 are references to stopping at the ports of Holyhead and Portsmouth on their way to Paris.
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CHAPTER I.
TITLE omitted in 1831 edition: "Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus."
In 1831 the 3 volume structure was eliminated, and replaced with sequentially numbered chapters.
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The wounded deer dragging its fainting limbs to some untrodden brake, there to gaze upon the arrow which had pierced it, and to die—was but a type of me.
In this change to the 1831 edition, Shelley emphasizes the melodrama of Victor's mental decline. Judith Weissman argues the image of the deer is one of several examples that link Victor with Percy Shelley, the fawn being one of his favorite images.
See Judith Weissman. "A Reading of Frankenstein as the Complaint of a Political Wife." Colby Quarterly 12, no. 4 (1976): 171-180, 171.
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Such were the professor’s words—rather let me say such the words of fate, enounced to destroy me. As he went on, I felt as if my soul were grappling with a palpable enemy; one by one the various keys were touched which formed the mechanism of my being: chord after chord was sounded, and soon my mind was filled with one thought, one conception, one purpose. So much has been done, exclaimed the soul of Frankenstein,—more, far more, will I achieve: treading in the steps already marked, I will pioneer a new way, explore unknown powers, and unfold to the world the deepest mysteries of creation. I closed not my eyes that night. My internal being was in a state of insurrection and turmoil; I felt that order would thence arise, but I had no power to produce it. By degrees, after the morning’s dawn, sleep came. I awoke, and my yesternight’s thoughts were as a dream. There only 35remained a resolution to return to my ancient studies, and to devote myself to a science for which I believed myself to possess a natural talent. On the same day, I paid M. Waldman a visit.
In this lengthy addition to 1831, Victor experiences an early flash of ruinous ambition during the chemistry lecture by M. Waldman. The new picture of Waldman as an evil force belongs to a pattern of provoking suspicion about scientific education in the 1831 edition that did not appear in the 1818.
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It was from my own Elizabeth:— “My dearest Cousin, “You have been ill, very ill, and even the constant letters of dear kind Henry are not sufficient to reassure me on your account. You are forbidden to write—to hold a pen; yet one word from you, dear Victor, is necessary to calm our apprehensions. For a long time I have thought that each post would bring this line, and my persuasions have restrained my uncle from undertaking a journey to Ingolstadt. I have prevented his encountering the inconveniences and perhaps dangers of so long a journey; yet how often have I regretted not being able to perform it myself! I figure to myself that the task of attending on your sick bed has devolved on some mercenary old nurse, who could never guess your wishes, nor minister to them with the care and affection of your poor cousin. Yet that is over now: Clerval writes that indeed you are getting better. I eagerly hope that you will confirm this intelligence soon in your own handwriting. “Get well—and return to us. You will find a happy, cheerful home, and friends who love you dearly. Your father’s health is vigorous, and he asks but to see you,—but to be assured that you are well; and not a care will ever cloud his benevolent countenance. How pleased you would be to remark the improvement of our Ernest! He is now sixteen, and full of activity and spirit. He is desirous to be a true Swiss, and to enter into foreign service;50 but we cannot part with him, at least until his elder brother return to us. My uncle is not pleased with the idea of a military career in a distant country; but Ernest never had your powers of application. He looks upon study as an odious fetter;—his time is spent in the open air, climbing the hills or rowing on the lake. I fear that he will become an idler, unless we yield the point, and permit him to enter on the profession which he has selected. “Little alteration, except the growth of our dear children, has taken place since you left us. The blue lake, and snow-clad mountains, they never change;—and I think our placid home, and our contented hearts are regulated by the same immutable laws. My trifling occupations take up my time and amuse me, and I am rewarded for any exertions by seeing none but happy, kind faces around me. Since you left us, but one change has taken place in our little household. Do you remember on what occasion Justine Moritz entered our family?
In 1831, the opening to Elizabeth's letter is significantly re-written. Here she seems more desperate to see Victor and vouchsafe for his health. Her discussion of Ernest also changes: Shelley leaves out her lengthy excursus on the virtues of farming, as opposed to practicing law. Instead, Ernest is described as patriotic and considering a military career.
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I spent the following day roaming through the valley. I stood beside the sources of the Arveiron, which take their rise in a glacier, that with slow pace is advancing down from the summit of the hills, to barricade the valley. The abrupt sides of vast mountains were before me; the icy wall of the glacier overhung me; a few shattered pines were scattered around; and the solemn silence of this glorious presence-chamber of imperial Nature was broken only by the brawling waves, or the fall of some vast fragment, the thunder sound of the avalanche, or the cracking, reverberated along the mountains of the accumulated ice, which, through the silent working of immutable laws, was ever and anon rent and torn, as if it had been but a plaything in their hands. These sublime and magnificent scenes afforded me the greatest consolation that I was capable of receiving. They elevated me from all littleness of feeling; and although they did not remove my grief, they subdued and tranquillised it. In some degree, also, they diverted my mind from the thoughts over which it had brooded for the last month. I retired to rest at night; my slumbers, as it were, waited on and ministered to by the assemblance of grand shapes which I had contemplated during the day. They congregated round me; the unstained snowy mountain-top, the glittering pinnacle, the pine woods, and ragged bare ravine; the eagle, soaring amidst the clouds—they all gathered round me, and bade me be at peace.
In 1818 a more perfunctory passage appears at the beginning of this chapter stating simply that the party "...visited the source of the Arveiron, and rode about the valley until evening."
In 1831, Shelley replaces this brief remark with a much more vividly detailed description elaborating upon the topography of Victor's journey through the Arveiron and the "sublime and magnificent scenes" in which he finds consolation.
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All praises bestowed on her, I received as made to a possession of my own. We called each other familiarly by the name of cousin
When Victor calls Elizabeth "cousin" in the 1831 edition, the word is a term of endearment but not a term to take literally, since they have no blood relation. The term likely carries over, but with an entirely changed meaning, from the 1818 edition where Elizabeth actually is Victor's cousin (the daughter of his father's brother).
It is true, however, that incest was of significant fascination to Shelley. Her novella Mathilda, published posthumously in 1954, concerns the relationship of a woman with her father. After sending the manuscript of Mathilda to William Godwin, he told Shelley he found the depiction of incest "disgusting and detestable," and refused to return the manuscript to his daughter.
See Janet Todd's edition of Mary's novel:Shelley, Mary. Matilda; with Mary and Maria, by Mary Wollstonecraft. Ed. Janet Todd. London: Penguin, 1992, p. xvii.
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pursuits. In rather a too philosophical and connected a strain, perhaps, I have given an account of the conclusions I had come to concerning them in my early years. As a child, I had not been content with the results promised by the modern professors of natural science. With a confusion of ideas only to be accounted for by my extreme youth, and my want of a guide on such matters, I had retrod the steps of knowledge along the paths of time, and exchanged the discoveries of recent enquirers for the dreams of forgotten alchymists.
Shelley adds this 1831 passage in which she traces Victor's fascination with alchemy and outmoded scientific ideas to an impetuous childhood, while the 1818 edition shows Victor reading the ancient sciences as an adult.
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or rather, to word my phrase more characteristically, of advancement in his profession
Shelley added this clarifying passage to the 1831 edition. By rephrasing “glory” as “advancement in his profession,” Shelley adopts a new expression, not usually found before 1810, indicating a more precise path to famed achievement. It was often used to mean advancement in Her Majesty’s Navy, thus it is especially apt for the lieutenant of Walton’s ship.
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Through my father’s exertions, a part of the inheritance of Elizabeth had been restored to her by the Austrian government. A small possession on the shores of Como belonged to her. It was agreed that, immediately after our union, we should proceed 172to Villa Lavenza, and spend our first days of happiness beside the beautiful lake near which it stood.
In earlier editions, a house is purchased for Victor and Elizabeth, presumably by Victor's father. However, in the 1831 edition, Victor's father petitions the Austrian Government for return of Elizabeth's inheritance. The change appears to be in error, since Shelley explains that Villa Lavenza sits on the shores of Lake Como, though the borders of Austrian Empire (1804-1867) did not extend as far as Lake Como.
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the springing of a leak
"The springing of a leak" in the 1831 version replaces "the breaking of the mast" in the 1818 edition. Shelley had begun revising this phrase in the Thomas copy by pencilling in "carrying away of the mast," but she discards any reference to the mast in 1831.
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, and by the fire of love that burns my heart,
In this addition to the 1831 edition, Shelley emphasizes the Creature's loneliness and the desire that drives him.
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In this important change to the 1831 edition, Justine appears in the barn, asleep and unaware of the Creature's presence as he places the portrait of Victor's mother on Justine's person, effectively framing her for William's death. In all earlier editions, the Creature manages to place the portrait on Justine's person as she passes him by, a work of "mischief," which the Creature attributes to the "lessons of Felix".
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in itself would for ever have chained my tongue. But, besides, I could not bring myself to disclose a secret which would fill my hearer with consternation, and make fear and unnatural horror the inmates of his breast. I checked, therefore, my impatient thirst for sympathy, and was silent
In this addition to the 1831 edition, Victor resists the judgment that he is "mad" by explaining his hesitance to reveal the truth about the Creature to anyone else.
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but my anxiety returns upon me as I conclude. Write, dearest Victor,—one line—one word will be a blessing to us. Ten thousand thanks to Henry for his kindness, his affection, and his many letters: we are sincerely grateful. Adieu! my cousin; take care of yourself; and, I entreat you, write!
In this 1831 revision, Elizabeth's letter is slightly more urgent for some communication from Victor.
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and terror its alarm
This addition to the 1831 emphasizes Victor's sense of his culpability for the Creature's actions.
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of my residence at Ingolstadt, which were chiefly spent in becoming acquainted with the localities, and the principal residents in my new abode.
In this addition to 1831, Shelley emphasizes the importance of Ingolstadt as Victor's university-town environment during his medical training.
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her illness was severe, and she was in the greatest danger.
In this 1831 revision, Shelley reverses Elizabeth's bout of scarlet fever from "not severe" to "severe" so that it represents the "greatest danger" to her health.
In the 1818 edition, Elizabeth is the indirect cause of both her biological mother and stepmother's death. Her mother dies in childbirth, while Victor's mother falls fatally ill after caring for Elizabeth during her bout of scarlet fever.
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Her hair was the brightest living gold, and, despite the poverty of her clothing, seemed to set a crown of distinction on her head. Her brow was clear and ample, her blue eyes cloudless, and her lips and the moulding of her face so expressive of sensibility and sweetness, that none could behold her without looking on her as of a distinct species, a being heaven-sent, and bearing a celestial stamp in all her features. 22The peasant woman, perceiving that my mother fixed eyes of wonder and admiration on this lovely girl, eagerly communicated her history. She was not her child, but the daughter of a Milanese nobleman. Her mother was a German, and had died on giving her birth. The infant had been placed with these good people to nurse: they were better off then
In 1831, the foundling Elizabeth's nobility appears to be recognizable in her physiognomy. Her features are described in terms that might be read as typical markers of whiteness: “thin of frame, fair of skin, and possessed of golden hair and blue eyes.”
During the early 19th century the field of “race science” was already established and growing. For instance, Linnaeus’ Systema naturae (1758) infamously contains a hierarchy of homo sapiens based on skin color.
In discussions of these contextual sources in the “race science,” scholars have often focused on the Creature as a symbol of the racialized other. This alteration to Elizabeth’s description in 1831 lends further credence to these readings by positioning Elizabeth, the spiritually and racially pure female, as has his ultimate victim.
See, for instance: Mellor, Anne K. “Frankenstein, Racial Science, and the Yellow Peril” in Frankenstein Norton Critical Edition, 2nd Edition, ed. J. Paul Hunter (New York & London: W.W. Norton & Company, 2012), 481-489.
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by arguments deduced from the feelings of his serene conscience and guiltless life, to inspire me with fortitude, and awaken in me the courage to dispel the dark cloud which brooded over me
Mary Shelley made a number of changes to this passage across editions. In the manuscript, 1818, and 1823 editions, Victor's father tries "to reason" with and console his son. In the 1831 edition the appeal to reason has disappeared. Instead Victor's father makes a Romantic injunction, proceeding from a "serene conscience and guiltless life," which he hopes will "inspire [Victor] with fortitude" and awaken in him "the courage to dispel the dark clouds" brooding over him. Since Shelley also toyed with this passage in the Thomas Copy, it was clearly an unsettled moment in the novel in her mind.
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Havre-de-Grace
The 1831 edition records the place as "Havre-de-Grace," which appears simply as "Havre" in earlier editions. Havre is in the Normandy region of northwestern France. It is situated on the right bank of the river Seine, on the Channel southwest of the Pays de Caux. It was known for its maritime traditions.
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the fall of a leaf startled me, and I shunned my fellow-creatures as if I had been guilty of a crime. Sometimes I grew alarmed at the wreck I perceived that I had become; the energy of my purpose alone sustained me: my labours would soon end, and I believed that exercise and amusement would then drive away incipient disease;
in this revision to 1831 Victor's physical deterioration, as a result of his obsessive work and research, is more clearly linked to a deteriorating mental state as well.
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After an interval, I arose, and, as if by instinct, crawled into the room where the corpse of my beloved lay. There were women weeping around—I hung over it, and joined my sad tears to theirs—all this time no distinct idea presented itself to my mind;
In all earlier editions, Victor's begins to cry on thinking that he must to return to his father alone, without Elizabeth. In the 1831 edition, Victor joins a group of women and "join[s] his sad tears to theirs."
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have contented my imagination, warmed as it was, by returning with greater ardour to my former studies
In this 1831 revision, Victor's expression "former studies" is generalized from the specific "more rational theory of chemistry" that appears in the 1818 edition. However, it is unclear what "former studies" Shelley is intimating here, as the scene with the copy of Agrippa is presented as the fateful moment of genesis for Victor's interest in science.
Thus, in the 1818 edition his father's gruff dismissal is presented as the foreclosure of a hypothetical redirection of Victor's curiosity towards "modern discoveries" of chemistry as an uncharted course of future study, rather than as a rebuke which threw him off the established track of his "former studies."
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You would not, if you saw him. You have been tutored and refined by books and retirement from the world, and you are, therefore, somewhat fastidious; but this only renders you the more fit to appreciate the extraordinary merits of this wonderful man. Sometimes I have endeavoured to discover what quality it is which he possesses, that elevates him so immeasurably above any other person I ever knew. I believe it to be an intuitive discernment; a quick but never-failing power of judgment; a penetration into the causes of things, unequalled for clearness and precision; add to this a facility of expression, and a voice whose varied intonations are soul-subduing music.
In this 1831 revision, Walton more explicitly attributes exceptional emotional and intellectual powers to Victor than his letters in the 1818 edition make apparent.
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Clerval spent the last evening with us. He had endeavoured to persuade his father to permit him to accompany me, and to become my fellow student; but in vain. His father was a narrow-minded trader, and saw idleness and ruin in the aspirations and ambition of his son. Henry deeply felt the misfortune of being debarred from a liberal education. He said little; but when he spoke, I read in his kindling eye and in his animated glance a restrained but firm resolve, not to be chained to the miserable details of commerce. We sat late. We could not tear ourselves away from each other, nor persuade ourselves to say the word “Farewell!” It was said; and we retired under the pretence of seeking repose, each fancying that the other was deceived: but when at morning’s dawn I descended to the carriage which was to convey me away, they were all there—my father again to bless me, Clerval to press my hand once more, my Elizabeth to renew her entreaties that I would write often, and to bestow the last feminine attentions on her playmate and friend.
In the 1831 revision, Henry Clerval is a more pitiable figure., acutely feeling the loss of his chance to pursue his passions in university studies.
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Yet still words like those I have recorded, would burst uncontrollably from me. I could offer no explanation of them; but their truth in part relieved the burden of my mysterious woe
As in the preceding sentence, Shelley elaborates on Victor's fragile mental state. The involuntary voicings of guilt evoke Iago's betrayal of Cassio to Othello: "There are a kind of men / So loose of soul that in their sleeps will / mutter." (Othello, 3.3.425-27).
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“Immediately upon your being taken ill, all the papers that were on your person were brought me, and I examined them
In the all editions but 1831, the Magistrate personally examines Victor's clothes. In the 1831 edition, an unspecified person brings the letters found on Victor's person to the Magistrate.
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a variety of circumstances had prevented his marrying early, nor was it until the decline of life that he became a husband and the father of a family.
These changes to the 1831 edition make clear that Victor's father's late marriage is a result of factors beyond his control rather than carelessness or indifference, and further accentuate his familial position as the figurehead of their "domestic circle."
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I had an insurmountable aversion to the idea of engaging myself in my loathsome task in my father’s house, while in habits of familiar intercourse with those I loved. I knew that a thousand fearful accidents might occur, the slightest of which would disclose a tale to thrill all connected with me with horror. I was aware also that I should often lose all self-command, all capacity of hiding the harrowing sensations that would possess me during the progress of my unearthly occupation. I must absent myself from all I loved while thus employed. Once 134commenced, it would quickly be achieved, and I might be restored to my family in peace and happiness. My promise fulfilled, the monster would depart for ever. Or (so my fond fancy imaged) some accident might meanwhile
In this revision to the 1831 edition, Victor's motivation to leave his family is less about a "change of scene and variety of occupation," as it appears in the 1818 edition, than about a fear that his work will create in him a similar fragility of mind that overtook him when creating the Creature in volume 1, a fragility that will betray his objective to his family.
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This was strange and unexpected intelligence; what could it mean? Had my eyes deceived me? and was I really as mad as the whole world would believe me to be, if I disclosed the object of my suspicions? I hastened to return home, and
In this change to the 1831, the certainty with which Justine is convicted causes Victor to question his own convictions about the creature's involvement.
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a guise which excited no suspicion, while I urged my desire with an earnestness that easily induced my father to comply. After so long a period of an absorbing melancholy, that resembled madness in its intensity and effects, he was glad to find that I was capable of taking pleasure in the idea of such a journey, and he hoped that change of scene and varied amusement would, before my return, have restored me entirely to myself. The duration of my absence was left to my own choice; a few months, or at most a year, was the period contemplated. One paternal kind precaution he had taken to ensure my having a companion. Without previously communicating with me, he had, in concert with Elizabeth, arranged that Clerval should join me at Strasburgh. This interfered with the solitude I coveted for the prosecution of my task; yet at the commencement of my journey the presence of my friend could in no way be an impediment, and truly I rejoiced that thus I should be saved many hours of lonely, maddening reflection. Nay, Henry might stand between me and the intrusion of my foe. If I were alone, would he not at times force his abhorred presence on me, to remind me of my task, or to contemplate its progress? To England, therefore, I was bound, and it was understood that my union with Elizabeth should take place immediately on my return. My father’s age rendered him extremely averse to delay. For myself, there was one reward I promised myself from my detested toils—one consolation for my unparalleled sufferings; it was the prospect of that day when, enfranchised from my miserable slavery, I might claim Elizabeth, and forget the past in my union with her.
In this 1831 revision, Victor's father takes the "paternal caution" of sending Clerval to accompany Victor to England out of concern for Victor's mental state. While the 1818 edition has Victor merely reporting that Clerval "would join [him]" in England, the 1831 version shows Victor reflecting at greater length on how Clerval's presence might provide him solace and company as he undertakes the difficult task ahead.
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perhaps never
The 1831 edition adds the words "perhaps never," suggesting Victor has never recovered from the shock of the Creature's animation in Volume 1, intensifying his reaction to the death of Justine.
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pursued its noisy way beneath. The same lulling sounds acted as a lullaby to my too keen sensations: when I placed my head upon my pillow, sleep crept over me; I felt it as it came, and blest the giver of oblivion.
The 1831 edition adds this passage to emphasize, with the word "lullaby," the childlike fears Victor is now constantly trying to calm.
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Elizabeth
Elizabeth was also the name of Percy Shelley's mother. Mary changed the character's name from Myrtella to Elizabeth in the manuscript, unless this change was one of Percy's suggested changes. In Greek and Roman mythology, the flower myrtle was sacred to the goddess Venus (Aphrodite) and symbolized love.
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You come to us now to share a misery which nothing can alleviate; yet your presence will, I hope, revive our father, who seems sinking under his misfortune; and your persuasions will induce poor Elizabeth to cease her vain and tormenting self-accusations.—Poor William! he was our darling and our pride!” Tears, unrestrained, fell from my brother’s eyes; a sense of mortal agony crept over my frame. Before, I had only imagined the wretchedness of my desolated home; the reality came on me as a new, and a not less terrible, disaster. I tried to calm Ernest; I enquired more minutely concerning my father, and her I named my cousin. “She most of all,” said Ernest,
In 1818, Ernest refers specifically to their father's grief, but in 1831 this is replaced with a more general reference to the family and Elizabeth's self-recriminations color Victor and his brother Ernest's exchange.
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will
In the 1831 edition, "may not" is changed to "will not", suggesting the Creature's torment will only cease in death.
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It appeared to me sacrilege so soon to leave the repose, akin to death, of the house of mourning, and to rush into the thick of life. I was new to sorrow, but it did not the less alarm me. I was unwilling to quit the sight of those that remained to me; and, above all, I desired to see my sweet Elizabeth in some degree consoled. She indeed veiled her grief, and strove to act the comforter to us all. She looked steadily on life, and assumed its duties with courage and zeal. She devoted herself to those whom she had been taught to call her uncle and 31cousins. Never was she so enchanting as at this time, when she recalled the sunshine of her smiles and spent them upon us. She forgot even her own regret in her endeavours to make us forget.
In this revision for 1831 Elizabeth's comportment following her mother's death is altered slightly from an "imperious duty" to give care to her family, to a willfully "veiled" grief in an effort to forget her sorrows.
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attempted to accompany them, and proceeded a short distance from the house; but my head whirled round, my steps were like those of a drunken man, I fell at last in a state of utter exhaustion;
In this 1831 revision, Victor tries to accompany the party but collapses in a "state of utter exhaustion." In all earlier editions, Victor does not attempt to accompany the party at all.
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I took no rest, but returned immediately to Geneva. Even in my own heart I could give no expression to my sensations—they weighed on me with a mountain’s weight, and their excess destroyed my agony beneath them. Thus I returned home, and entering the house, presented myself to the family. My haggard and wild appearance awoke intense alarm; but I answered no ques131tion, scarcely did I speak. I felt as if I were placed under a ban—as if I had no right to claim their sympathies—as if never more might I enjoy companionship with them. Yet even thus I loved them to adoration; and to save them, I resolved to dedicate myself to my most abhorred task. The prospect of such an occupation made every other circumstance of existence pass before me like a dream; and that thought only had to me the reality of life.
In this revision to the 1818 text, the 1831 edition makes Victor's motivation for creating a companion for the Creature more explicit. Victor considers the "abhorrent task" of creating another Creature necessary to absolve him of the responsibility for the Creature's violent deeds. He invokes his family's safety as the motive for agreeing to make a companion for the Creature.
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is wholly uneducated: he is as silent as a Turk, and a kind of ignorant carelessness attends him, which, while it renders his conduct the more astonishing, detracts from the interest and sympathy which otherwise he would command.
In this addition to the 1831 edition, Walton’s earlier largely admiring portrait of the shipmaster was qualified by remembering that he did not have a wide moral frame of reference, having lived his life only on a ship, so his qualities fell somewhat short of being “noble.” But 1831 darkens the portrait by making him ignorant and careless while orientalizing him (“silent as a Turk”). This is one of many passages in 1831 that replace a liberal generosity toward her several of her characters with a more harshly conservative, intolerant stance.
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schiavi ognor frementi
From the Italian, "slaves forever agitating". Shelley's reference here may be referring to the Austro-Hungarian annexation of Lombardy. The "enslavement" of the Italian province occurred as a consequence of decisions made at the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815).
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he springs of existence suddenly gave way: he was unable to rise from his bed,
In this change to the 1831 edition, Victor's father seems to die of an acute bout of melancholy. In earlier editions, Victor's father suffers an "apoplectic fit" (a neurological impairment brought on from cerebral hemorrhage). The changed, melancholic cause of his death seems altogether more melodramatic in the 1831 edition, not least of all because of its mysterious pathology.
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And on the morrow Justine died. Elizabeth’s heart-rending eloquence failed to move the judges from their settled conviction in the criminality of the saintly sufferer. My passionate and indignant appeals were lost upon them. And when I received their cold answers, and heard the harsh unfeeling reasoning of these men, my purposed avowal died away on my lips. Thus I might proclaim myself a madman, but not revoke the sentence passed upon my wretched victim. She perished on the scaffold as a murderess! From the tortures of my own heart, I turned to contemplate the deep and voiceless grief of my Elizabeth. This also was my doing! And my father’s woe, and the desolation of that late so smiling home—all was the work of my thrice-accursed hands! Ye weep, unhappy ones; but these are not your last tears! Again shall you raise 74the funeral wail, and the sound of your lamentations shall again and again be heard! Frankenstein, your son, your kinsman, your early, much-loved friend; he who would spend each vital drop of blood for your sakes—who has no thought nor sense of joy, except as it is mirrored also in your dear countenances—who would fill the air with blessings, and spend his life in serving you—he bids you weep—to shed countless tears; happy beyond his hopes, if thus inexorable fate be satisfied, and if the destruction pause before the peace of the grave have succeeded to your sad torments! Thus spoke my prophetic soul, as, torn by remorse, horror, and despair, I beheld those I loved spend vain sorrow upon the graves of William and Justine, the first hapless victims to my unhallowed arts.
In this lengthy addition to the 1831 edition, Victor and Elizabeth attempt to save Justine from the scaffold by appealing to the judges but are unsuccessful in staying her execution.
This is followed by an extended description of the anguish and torment of Victor's "prophetic soul" that accentuates the extreme feelings of guilt and horror that he feels for the deaths of both William and Justine.
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Before this I was not unacquainted with the more obvious laws of electricity. On this occasion a man of great research in natural philosophy was with us, and, excited by this catastrophe, he entered on the explanation of a theory which he had formed on the subject of electricity and galvanism, which was at once new and astonishing to me. All that he said threw greatly into the shade Cornelius Agrippa, Albertus Magnus, and Paracelsus, the lords of my imagination; but by some fatality the overthrow of these men disinclined me to pursue my accustomed studies. It seemed to me as if nothing would or could ever be known. All that had so long engaged my attention suddenly grew despicable. By one of those caprices of the mind, which we are perhaps most subject to in early youth, I at once gave up my former occupations; set down natural history and all its progeny as a deformed and abortive creation; and entertained the greatest disdain for a would-be science, which could never even step within the threshold of real knowledge. In this mood of mind I betook myself to the mathematics, and the branches of study appertaining to that science, as being built upon secure foundations, and so worthy of my consideration. Thus strangely are our souls constructed, and by such slight ligaments are we bound to prosperity or ruin. When I look back, it seems to me as if this almost miraculous change of inclination and will was the immediate suggestion of the guardian angel of my life— the last effort made by the spirit of preservation to avert the storm that was even then hanging in the stars, and ready to envelope me. Her victory was announced by an unusual tranquillity and gladness of soul, which followed the relinquishing of my ancient and latterly tormenting studies. It was thus that I was to be taught to associate evil with their prosecution, happiness with their disregard. 29It was a strong effort of the spirit of good; but it was ineffectual. Destiny was too potent, and her immutable laws had decreed my utter and terrible destruction.
In this section, in 1831 three paragraphs of text replace a five-paragraph section in 1818.
Awed by the destructive power of the lightning-blast and their companions discourse on galvanism, Victor throws aside the "tormenting studies" of both medieval alchemy and natural philosophy which had hitherto fueled his sense of wonder and formed the basis of his intellectual obsessions. Turning instead to mathematics, he enjoys a brief respite from his torments, but his former desires will overtake him again.
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Annotators
URL
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frankensteinvariorum.github.io frankensteinvariorum.github.io
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Did I request thee, Maker, from my clay To mould me man? Did I solicit thee From darkness to promote me?— Paradise Lost.
In all previous editions before 1831, this quote from Paradise Lost appears at the beginning of Volume 1 and Volume 3. As the 1831 edition was published in two volumes, the quote disappears from the beginning of what was volume 3 in previous editions.
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