- Sep 2020
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Manic pixie dream gàidheal✨ on Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved September 28, 2020, from https://twitter.com/nicmharcuis/status/1309599281280679941
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www.fda.gov www.fda.gov
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Commissioner, O. of the. (2020, September 23). Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes First Point-of-Care Antibody Test for COVID-19. FDA; FDA. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-first-point-care-antibody-test-covid-19
Tags
- FDA
- is:news
- COVID-19
- protection
- point-of-care
- antibody test
- strategy
- blood sample
- lang:en
- public health response
- is:webpage
- serology
Annotators
URL
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www.thelancet.com www.thelancet.com
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Knawy, B. A., Adil, M., Crooks, G., Rhee, K., Bates, D., Jokhdar, H., Klag, M., Lee, U., Mokdad, A. H., Schaper, L., Hazme, R. A., Khathaami, A. M. A., & Abduljawad, J. (2020). The Riyadh Declaration: The role of digital health in fighting pandemics. The Lancet, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31978-4
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www.thelancet.com www.thelancet.com
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Williams, R., Jenkins, D. A., Ashcroft, D. M., Brown, B., Campbell, S., Carr, M. J., Cheraghi-sohi, S., Kapur, N., Thomas, O., Webb, R. T., & Peek, N. (2020). Diagnosis of physical and mental health conditions in primary care during the COVID-19 pandemic: A retrospective cohort study. The Lancet Public Health, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30201-2
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blog.petrieflom.law.harvard.edu blog.petrieflom.law.harvard.edu
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Who’s to Blame for COVID-19 Outbreaks at Colleges and Universities? (2020, September 15). Bill of Health. http://blog.petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/2020/09/15/whos-to-blame-for-covid-19-outbreaks-at-colleges-and-universities/
Tags
- transmission
- administration
- responsibility
- COVID-19
- USA
- university
- college
- public health intervention
- outbreak
- is:blog
- lang:en
- safety
- law
- blame
Annotators
URL
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Tillman, G. (2020). Disordered Social Media Use and Fear of COVID-19 and the Association with Stress and Depression. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/dbg62
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www.huffpost.com www.huffpost.com
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HuffPost UK. ‘The Coronavirus Is Creating A Mental Health Crisis For Health Care Workers’, 21 September 2020. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/health-care-workers-covid-mental-health_n_5f625a6ac5b6c6317cfed815.
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www.bbc.co.uk www.bbc.co.uk
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Triggle, Nick. ‘Is It Time We Learned to Live with the Virus?’ BBC News, 21 September 2020, sec. Health. https://www.bbc.com/news/health-54228649.
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www.nature.com www.nature.com
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Leask, Julie. ‘Vaccines — Lessons from Three Centuries of Protest’. Nature 585, no. 7826 (21 September 2020): 499–501. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02671-0.
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www.huffingtonpost.co.uk www.huffingtonpost.co.uk
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HuffPost UK. ‘Exclusive: Public Want Test And Trace Taken Out Of Hands Of Private Firms’, 21 September 2020. https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/exclusive-public-want-track-and-trace-taken-off-serco_uk_5f6785ecc5b6480e8970b968.
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Lange, Ann-Marie G de, Tobias Kaufmann, Daniel S Quintana, Adriano Winterton, Lars T. Westlye, and Klaus P. Ebmeier. ‘Risk Factors Associated with Loneliness, Social Isolation, and Neuroticism in the UK Biobank Cohort’. Preprint. PsyArXiv, 21 September 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/q8kjv.
Tags
- aging
- vulnerable
- is:preprint
- Biobank
- United Kingdom
- cardiovascular risk
- unhealthy lifestyle
- comorbidities
- socioeconomic conditions
- physical health
- COVID-19
- loneliness
- neuroticism
- social isolation
- depression
- social health
- public health
- UK
- risk factor
- mental health
- lang:en
- social deprivation
Annotators
URL
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oneheglobal.org oneheglobal.org
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Most instructors will have the experience and knowledge of their students’ situation to make wise choices about activities that will work best.
Academic professors are acknowledging their students well-being which is important and shows care from both sides of the professor and student. This allows the student know that even though the professor is mainly involved with education, they still care.
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www.independent.co.uk www.independent.co.uk
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Hospitals told not to test staff or patients for Covid-19. (2020, September 18). The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/health/coronavirus-nhs-testing-hospitals-shortage-b485589.html
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Anderson-Carpenter, K., & Neal, Z. (2020). Racial Disparities in COVID-19 Impacts in Michigan, USA. 10.31234/osf.io/st2rp
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Mactavish, A., Mastronardi, C., Menna, R., Babb, K. A., Battaglia, M., Amstadter, A. B., Rappaport, L. (2020). The Acute Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Children’s Mental Health in Southwestern Ontario. 10.31234/osf.io/5cwb4
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advances.sciencemag.org advances.sciencemag.org
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Holman, E. A., Thompson, R. R., Garfin, D. R., & Silver, R. C. (2020). The unfolding COVID-19 pandemic: A probability-based, nationally representative study of mental health in the U.S. Science Advances, eabd5390. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd5390
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Sueki, H., & Ueda, M. (2020). Short-term effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicidal ideation: A prospective cohort study. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/3jevh
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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There are two possible approaches to build widespread SARS-CoV-2 immunity: (1) a mass vaccination campaign, which requires the development of an effective and safe vaccine, or (2) natural immunization of global populations with the virus over time. However, the consequences of the latter are serious and far-reaching—a large fraction of the human population would need to become infected with the virus, and millions would succumb to it.
Take away: Mass infection without vaccination to achieve herd immunity will result in millions of deaths based on the observed death rate and may not result in herd immunity due to virus mutation. Historically, vaccination results in less deaths than the disease.
The claim: Herd immunity from widespread disease instead of vaccination will lead to many people dying.
The evidence: Approximately 50-67% of a given population is estimated to need to be infected for herd immunity to COVID-19 to exist which will result in millions of deaths. This is supported by additional publications (1, 2). This number assumes that the virus will not mutate to the point where re-infection is possible. If mutation occurs, COVID could become established in the general population similar to influenza or the common cold (3). A third publication estimates a needed infected percentage of 29-74% (4). These publications support the statement that millions will die if herd immunity is achieved via infection without vaccination. Historically, vaccination results in fewer deaths/disease on a population level than the disease for which the vaccine is designed to prevent (5-7).
Sources:
1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7314002/
2 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7262166/pdf/JMV-9999-na.pdf
3 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7164482/
5 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28708957/
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www.uni-konstanz.de www.uni-konstanz.de
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Ten minutes of massage or rest will help your body fight stress
- Short-term treatments like a massage, or just resting for a bit, reduce stress by boosting the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS).
- Relaxation therapies show promise as a way to treat stress, but so far scientists haven’t developed a standardised method to test them - until now.
- This study is the first standardised approach, and the results show that both rest and a massage increase heart rate variability (HRV) - higher HRV = greater relaxation.
- Researchers say this shows we don’t need professional treatment in order to relax, even a 10-minute rest can boost our PNS and calm us down.
- These conclusions will enable further experiments to study how different relaxation methods can help people with stress-related conditions like depression
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www.nature.com www.nature.com
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Lincoln, M. (2020). Study the role of hubris in nations’ COVID-19 response. Nature, 585(7825), 325–325. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02596-8
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Gallagher, R. J., Doroshenko, L., Shugars, S., Lazer, D., & Welles, B. F. (2020). Sustained Online Amplification of COVID-19 Elites in the United States. ArXiv:2009.07255 [Physics]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2009.07255
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www.bbc.co.uk www.bbc.co.uk
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BBC News (2020) Vulnerable children will 'slip out of view', commissioner warns. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-54159977
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Racine, S. E., Miller, A. E., Mehak, A., & Trolio, V. (2020, September 14). Examining Risk and Protective Factors for Psychological Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ys8fn
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elemental.medium.com elemental.medium.com
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Austin S. (2020) This Lawyer Ran Errands for His High-Risk Wife. Then an Epidemiologist Rated His Every Move.https://elemental.medium.com/this-lawyer-ran-errands-for-his-high-risk-wife-then-an-epidemiologist-rated-his-every-move-f9a926ad96ec
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Kubo, T., Sugawara, D., & Masuyama, A. (2020). The effect of ego-resiliency and COVID-19-related stress on mental health among the Japanese population. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/up6c3
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www.dailymail.co.uk www.dailymail.co.uk
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Take away: People are infectious for only part of the time they test positive. The tests for COVID-19 were granted emergency status by the FDA so some debate concerning the most ideal number of cycles is to be expected. It is worth noting that the FDA has the disclaimer "Negative results do not preclude 2019-nCoV infection and should not be used as the sole basis for treatment or other patient management decisions. Negative results must be combined with clinical observations, patient history, and epidemiological information (2)."
The claim: Up to 90 percent of people diagnosed with coronavirus may not be carrying enough of it to infect anyone else
The evidence: Per Walsh et al. (1), SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19) is most likely infectious if the number of PCR cycles is <24 and the symptom onset to test is <8 days. RT-PCR detects the RNA, not the infectious virus. Therefore, setting the cycle threshold at 37-40 cycles will most likely result in detecting some samples with virus which is not infectious. As the PCR tests were granted emergency use by the FDA (samples include 2-9), it is not surprising that some debate exists currently about where the cycle threshold should be. Thresholds need to be set and validated for dozens of PCR tests currently in use. If identifying only infectious individuals is the goal, a lower cycle number may be justified. If detection of as many cases as possible to get closer to the most accurate death rate is the goal, setting the cycle threshold at 37-40 makes sense. A lower threshold will result in fewer COVID-19 positive samples being identified. It is worth noting that the emergency use approval granted by the FDA includes the disclaimer that a negative test does not guarantee that a person is not infected with COVID-19. RNA degrades easily. If samples are not kept cold or properly processed, the virus can degrade and result in a false negative result.
Source: 1 https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciaa638/5842165
2 https://www.fda.gov/media/134922/download
3 https://www.fda.gov/media/138150/download
4 https://www.fda.gov/media/137120/download
5 https://www.fda.gov/media/136231/download
6 https://www.fda.gov/media/136472/download
7 https://www.fda.gov/media/139279/download
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www.politico.com www.politico.com
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Trump officials interfered with CDC reports on Covid-19. (n.d.). POLITICO. Retrieved September 14, 2020, from https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/11/exclusive-trump-officials-interfered-with-cdc-reports-on-covid-19-412809
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Coronavirus cases are rising again in the UK. Here’s what should happen next | Devi Sridhar. (2020, September 8). The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/sep/08/coronavirus-cases-rising-uk-second-wave
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Joyce, K. M., Cameron, E. E., Sulymka, J., Protudjer, J., & Roos, L. E. (2020). Changes in Maternal Substance Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/htny8
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Rogers, S., & Cruickshank, T. (2020). Change in mental health during highly restrictive lockdown in the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from Australia. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/zutav
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Rajkumar, R. P. (2020). Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) and Suicide: Conceptual and Practical Considerations [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/z7drs
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Postdocs in crisis: Science cannot risk losing the next generation. (2020). Nature, 585(7824), 160–160. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02541-9
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www.itv.com www.itv.com
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Peston, R. (2020, September 7). SAGE scientist warns coronavirus cases “increasing exponentially.” ITV News. https://www.itv.com/news/2020-09-07/exclusive-sage-scientist-tells-peston-coronavirus-cases-increasing-exponentially
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Thread, C. (2020, June 19). Trolls and Tribulations: Social Media and Public Health. Medium. https://medium.com/@gocommonthread/trolls-and-tribulations-social-media-and-public-health-499bf5c8727c
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papers.ssrn.com papers.ssrn.com
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Casoria, F., Galeotti, F., & Villeval, M. C. (2020). Perceived Social Norm and Behavior Quickly Adjusted to Legal Changes During the COVID-19 Pandemic (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3681204). Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3681204
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www.medrxiv.org www.medrxiv.org
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Team, I. C.-19 F., & Hay, S. I. (2020). COVID-19 scenarios for the United States. MedRxiv, 2020.07.12.20151191. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.12.20151191
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Johan Hellström on Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved September 7, 2020, from https://twitter.com/jhnhellstrom/status/1301073768748593153
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www.independent.co.uk www.independent.co.uk
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‘7,000 Health Workers Have Died of Covid-19 around World, Amnesty Says’. Accessed 7 September 2020. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/coronavirus-amnesty-international-healthcare-worker-deaths-uk-usa-mexico-a9704266.html.
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Lewandowsky, Stephan, Simon Dennis, Amy Perfors, Yoshihisa Kashima, Joshua White, Paul Michael Garrett, Daniel R. Little, and Muhsin Yesilada. ‘Public Acceptance of Privacy-Encroaching Policies to Address the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United Kingdom’. Preprint. PsyArXiv, 4 September 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/njwmp.
Tags
- willingness
- antibodies
- is:preprint
- infected
- immunity passport
- privacy-encroaching policy
- social distancing
- tracking technology
- United Kingdom
- time limited
- public acceptance
- health agencies
- widespread acceptance
- contact
- COVID-19
- public
- co-location tracking
- opt-out clause
- lang:en
- UK
Annotators
URL
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Paudel, Dhirendra. ‘ABC Framework of Fear of COVID-19 for Psychotherapeutic Intervention in Nepal: A Review’. Preprint. PsyArXiv, 4 September 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/9sj4a.
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Lee, Hyeon-seung, Derek Dean, Tatiana Baxter, Taylor Griffith, and Sohee Park. ‘Deterioration of Mental Health despite Successful Control of the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Korea’. Preprint. PsyArXiv, 30 August 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/s7qj8.
Tags
- general population
- is:preprint
- demographic
- anxiety
- social distancing
- nationwide lockdown
- behavioural science
- social factors
- psychological outcome
- psychosis-risk
- physical health
- COVID-19
- loneliness
- social network
- stress
- depression
- public health
- South Korea
- females
- mental health
- lang:en
- crisis
Annotators
URL
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www.irishtimes.com www.irishtimes.com
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Taylor, Charlie. ‘Ireland Ranked among Best for Covid-19 Innovative Solutions’. The Irish Times. Accessed 7 September 2020. https://www.irishtimes.com/business/innovation/ireland-ranked-among-best-for-covid-19-innovative-solutions-1.4233471.
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www.scientificamerican.com www.scientificamerican.com
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Stix, G. (n.d.). Zoom Psychiatrists Prep for COVID-19’s Endless Ride. Scientific American. Retrieved June 9, 2020, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/zoom-psychiatrists-prep-for-covid-19s-endless-ride1/
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www.ezekielemanuel.com www.ezekielemanuel.com
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COVID-19 Activity Risk Levels. (n.d.). Ezekiel Emanuel | COVID-19 Activity Risk Levels. Retrieved July 8, 2020, from http://www.ezekielemanuel.com/writing/all-articles/2020/06/30/covid-19-activity-risk-levels
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papers.ssrn.com papers.ssrn.com
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Benvenisti, E. (2020). The WHO – Destined to Fail?: Political Cooperation and the COVID-19 Pandemic (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3638948). Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3638948
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www.forbes.com www.forbes.com
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Perez, M. (n.d.). 55% Of U.S. Coronavirus Cases In CDC Analysis Are Black And Hispanic. Forbes. Retrieved June 28, 2020, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/mattperez/2020/06/15/55-of-us-coronavirus-cases-in-cdc-analysis-are-black-and-hispanic/
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www.azdhs.gov www.azdhs.gov
Tags
- care facility
- COVID-19
- priority
- treatment
- resource allocation
- healthcare
- scarcity
- addendum
- public health
- triage
- scoring
- grouping
- lang:en
- is:pdf
Annotators
URL
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www.reddit.com www.reddit.com
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u/nick_chater (2020) Behavioural Policy Challenge: when does compulsion help? reddit. Retrieved from: https://www.reddit.com/r/BehSciAsk/comments/hzci8g/behavioural_policy_challenge_when_does_compulsion/
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Van Bavel, J. J., & Myer, A. (2020). National identity predicts public health support during a global pandemic [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ydt95
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Mathew, M. (2020). Lockdown stress amid COVID-19 on Alcoholics and Drug addicts [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/an8m4
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jamanetwork.com jamanetwork.com
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Luo, Z., Li, S., Li, N., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Cao, Z., & Ma, Y. (2020). Assessment of Pediatric Outpatient Visits for Notifiable Infectious Diseases in a University Hospital in Beijing During COVID-19. JAMA Network Open, 3(8), e2019224–e2019224. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.19224
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www.ajpmonline.org www.ajpmonline.org
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Liu, Y., Finch, B. K., Brenneke, S. G., Thomas, K., & Le, P. D. (2020). Perceived Discrimination and Mental Distress Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence From the Understanding America Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2020.06.007
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www.healthline.com www.healthline.com
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Blood Thinners, Blood Pressure Meds May Improve COVID-19 Survival Rate. (2020, August 27). Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health-news/blood-thinners-blood-pressure-meds-may-improve-covid-19-survival-rate
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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The New York Times (2020) C.D.C. Halts Evictions, Citing Covid-19 Risks. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/01/world/covid-19-coronavirus.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage#link-26bc7ab3
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Scott, S., Rivera, K., Rushing, E., Manczak, E., Rozek, C. S., & Doom, J. (2020). “I hate this”: A qualitative analysis of adolescents’ self-reported challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/4ctb7
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stresscontrol.ie stresscontrol.ie
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Home. (n.d.). Stress Control. Retrieved September 2, 2020, from https://stresscontrol.ie/
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www.scientificamerican.com www.scientificamerican.com
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Barber, C. (n.d.). COVID-19 Can Wreck Your Heart, Even if You Haven’t Had Any Symptoms. Scientific American. Retrieved September 1, 2020, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/covid-19-can-wreck-your-heart-even-if-you-havent-had-any-symptoms/
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- Aug 2020
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Zhou, T., Nguyen, T. T., Zhong, J., & Liu, J. (2020). A COVID-19 descriptive study of life after lockdown in Wuhan, China [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ygae5
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www.thelancet.com www.thelancet.com
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Chaudhry, R., Dranitsaris, G., Mubashir, T., Bartoszko, J., & Riazi, S. (2020). A country level analysis measuring the impact of government actions, country preparedness and socioeconomic factors on COVID-19 mortality and related health outcomes. EClinicalMedicine, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100464
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www.nature.com www.nature.com
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Zheng, Q., Jones, F. K., Leavitt, S. V., Ung, L., Labrique, A. B., Peters, D. H., Lee, E. C., & Azman, A. S. (2020). HIT-COVID, a global database tracking public health interventions to COVID-19. Scientific Data, 7(1), 286. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-00610-2
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Begum, M. R., Khan, S. I., Banna, H. A., Kundu, S., Hossen, M., Sayeed, A., Christopher, E., Hasan, M. T., Saba, S., & Shamsuzzoha. (2020). Mental health difficulties of adults with COVID-19-like symptoms in Bangladesh: A case control-study [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ubwxv
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www.thelancet.com www.thelancet.com
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Lozano, R., Fullman, N., Mumford, J. E., Knight, M., Barthelemy, C. M., Abbafati, C., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdollahi, M., Abedi, A., Abolhassani, H., Abosetugn, A. E., Abreu, L. G., Abrigo, M. R. M., Haimed, A. K. A., Abushouk, A. I., Adabi, M., Adebayo, O. M., Adekanmbi, V., … Murray, C. J. L. (2020). Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30750-9
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www.thelancet.com www.thelancet.com
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Lancet, T. (2020). Research and higher education in the time of COVID-19. The Lancet, 396(10251), 583. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31818-3
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covid19forecasthub.org covid19forecasthub.org
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Home—COVID 19 forecast hub. (n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2020, from https://covid19forecasthub.org/
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Nottinghamshire woman, 75, may be first known UK Covid victim. (2020, August 25). The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/25/nottinghamshire-woman-75-may-be-first-known-uk-covid-victim
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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We mustn’t understate the importance of anyone’s life when it comes to Covid deaths | Matt Beard. (2020, August 26). The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/aug/26/we-mustnt-understate-the-importance-of-anyones-life-when-it-comes-to-covid-deaths
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Scrap fines for school non-attendance in England, say psychiatrists. (2020, August 25). The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/aug/26/scrap-fines-for-school-non-attendance-england-psychiatrists
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www.bmj.com www.bmj.com
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Thornton, J. (2020). Covid-19: Care homes in Belgium and Spain had “alarming living conditions,” says MSF report. BMJ, 370. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3271
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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CSaP. (2020, May 1). Science, Policy & Pandemics: Episode 6 - How has the pandemic impacted children and adolescents? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e2mbV99cdLA&feature=youtu.be
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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Daas, Chantal den, Gill Hubbard, Marie Johnston, and Diane Dixon. ‘Protocol CHARIS Study’. Preprint. PsyArXiv, 19 August 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jnxcu.
Tags
- physical distancing
- telephone surveys
- event-related changes
- protocol CHARIS
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- random digit dialing
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- variations in adherence
- governments
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Harper, Craig A., and Darren Rhodes. ‘Ideological Responses to the Breaking of COVID-19 Social Distancing Recommendations’, 19 August 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/dkqj6.
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Harper, Craig A., and Darren Rhodes. ‘Ideological Responses to the Breaking of COVID-19 Social Distancing Recommendations’, 19 August 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/dkqj6.
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Harper, Craig A., and Darren Rhodes. ‘Ideological Responses to the Breaking of COVID-19 Social Distancing Recommendations’, 19 August 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/dkqj6.
Tags
- recommendations
- ingroup flouting
- outgroup flouting
- polariation
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- ideological responses
- COVID-19
- ideological symmetries
- condemn
- ignored public health guidance
- socialize
- ignored
- is:preprint
- social distancing
- Western democracies
- behaviour
- conservatives
- public health
- breaking rules
- ideology
- lang:en
- liberals
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www.gov.uk www.gov.uk
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GOV.UK. ‘Statement from the UK Chief Medical Officers on Schools and Childcare Reopening’. Accessed 24 August 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/statement-from-the-uk-chief-medical-officers-on-schools-and-childcare-reopening.
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Mandavilli, A. (2020, August 17). What if ‘Herd Immunity’ Is Closer Than Scientists Thought? The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/17/health/coronavirus-herd-immunity.html
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Whittle, S., Bray, K., Lin, S., & Schwartz, O. (2020). Parenting and child and adolescent mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ag2r7
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(1) Adam Briggs on Twitter: “Might be of interest. In 2017, @PHE underwent an independent international peer-review from @IANPHIhealth - the International Association of National Public Health Institutes. An organisation that strengthens government agencies responsible for public health. Thread/” / Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved August 18, 2020, from https://twitter.com/ADMBriggs/status/1295416016877625344
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- Russia
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Kanojia, A. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health in India [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/fkjsx
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Lewis, D. (2020). ‘We felt we had beaten it’: New Zealand’s race to eliminate the coronavirus again. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02402-5
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Clay, K., Lewis, J. A., Severnini, E. R., & Wang, X. (2020). The Value of Health Insurance during a Crisis: Effects of Medicaid Implementation on Pandemic Influenza Mortality (Working Paper No. 27120; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27120
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Farboodi, M., Jarosch, G., & Shimer, R. (2020). Internal and External Effects of Social Distancing in a Pandemic (Working Paper No. 27059; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27059
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Guimbeau, A., Menon, N., & Musacchio, A. (2020). The Brazilian Bombshell? The Long-Term Impact of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic the South American Way (Working Paper No. 26929; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26929
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editor, P. B. S. policy. (2020, August 13). UK’s poorest ‘skip meals and go hungry’ during coronavirus crisis. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/aug/12/coronavirus-lockdown-hits-nutritional-health-of-uks-poorest
Tags
- poverty
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- food
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- is:news
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- food insecurity
- government
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Hull, T., Levine, J., Bantilan, N., Desai, A., & Majumder, M. S. (2020, August 13). Digital phenotyping of complex psychological responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/qtrpf
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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Porter, C. (2020, June 5). The Top Doctor Who Aced the Coronavirus Test. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/05/world/canada/bonnie-henry-british-columbia-coronavirus.html
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Brown, C. S., & Ravallion, M. (2020). Inequality and the Coronavirus: Socioeconomic Covariates of Behavioral Responses and Viral Outcomes Across US Counties (Working Paper No. 27549; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27549
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Allcott, H., Boxell, L., Conway, J. C., Gentzkow, M., Thaler, M., & Yang, D. Y. (2020). Polarization and Public Health: Partisan Differences in Social Distancing during the Coronavirus Pandemic (Working Paper No. 26946; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26946
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Ziedan, E., Simon, K. I., & Wing, C. (2020). Effects of State COVID-19 Closure Policy on NON-COVID-19 Health Care Utilization (Working Paper No. 27621; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27621
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Manski, C. F. (2020). Bounding the Predictive Values of COVID-19 Antibody Tests (Working Paper No. 27226; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27226
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Chaudhuri, S., Lo, A. W., Xiao, D., & Xu, Q. (2020). Bayesian Adaptive Clinical Trials for Anti‐Infective Therapeutics during Epidemic Outbreaks (Working Paper No. 27175; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27175
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Clemens, J., & Veuger, S. (2020). Implications of the Covid-19 Pandemic for State Government Tax Revenues (Working Paper No. 27426; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27426
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Ding, W., Levine, R., Lin, C., & Xie, W. (2020). Social Distancing and Social Capital: Why U.S. Counties Respond Differently to COVID-19 (Working Paper No. 27393; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27393
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van Binsbergen, J. H., & Opp, C. C. (2020). The Effectiveness of Life-Preserving Investments in Times of COVID-19 (Working Paper No. 27382; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27382
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Goldstein, J. R., & Lee, R. D. (2020). Demographic Perspectives on Mortality of Covid-19 and Other Epidemics (Working Paper No. 27043; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27043
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Dave, D. M., Friedson, A. I., Matsuzawa, K., McNichols, D., & Sabia, J. J. (2020). Did the Wisconsin Supreme Court Restart a COVID-19 Epidemic? Evidence from a Natural Experiment (Working Paper No. 27322; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27322
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Lin, P. Z., & Meissner, C. M. (2020). A Note on Long-Run Persistence of Public Health Outcomes in Pandemics (Working Paper No. 27119; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27119
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Gettys, T. (n.d.). ‘Listening to experts is elitist’: Idaho Republicans move to strip power from public health officials. Retrieved 12 August 2020, from https://www.rawstory.com/2020/08/listening-to-experts-is-elitist-idaho-republicans-move-to-strip-power-from-public-health-officials/
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podcasts.apple.com podcasts.apple.com
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Deep Background with Noah Feldman: How to Have a Life in the Pandemic on Apple Podcasts. (n.d.). Apple Podcasts. Retrieved August 12, 2020, from https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/how-to-have-a-life-in-the-pandemic/id1460055316?i=1000478585036
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www.bbc.co.uk www.bbc.co.uk
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‘Coronavirus Cases Surge as France Goes “Wrong Way”’. BBC News, 11 August 2020, sec. Europe. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53745481.
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uk.reuters.com uk.reuters.com
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‘Germany Records Biggest Jump in New Coronavirus Cases since Early May’. Reuters, 12 August 2020. https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-health-coronavirus-germany-cases-idUKKCN25809X.
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AP NEWS. ‘Health Officials Are Quitting or Getting Fired amid Outbreak’, 10 August 2020. https://apnews.com/8ea3b3669bccf8a637b81f8261f1cd78.
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Pink, S. L., Stagnaro, M., Chu, J., Mernyk, J., Voelkel, J. G., & Willer, R. (2020, August 10). Five Experimental Tests of the Effects of Short Messages on Compliance with COVID-19 Public Health Guidelines. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/g93zw
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Phil Galewitz on Twitter: “‘School children are not the drivers of community spread’ of COVID. --@GovRonDeSantis” / Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved August 11, 2020, from https://twitter.com/philgalewitz/status/1292863878439870464
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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Bellafante, G. (2020, August 7). Lifestyles of the Rich and Reckless: Posh Pandemic Parties. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/07/nyregion/coronavirus-rich-parties.html
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Simonov, A., Sacher, S. K., Dubé, J.-P. H., & Biswas, S. (2020). The Persuasive Effect of Fox News: Non-Compliance with Social Distancing During the Covid-19 Pandemic (Working Paper No. 27237; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27237
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Aum, S., Lee, S. Y. (Tim), & Shin, Y. (2020). Inequality of Fear and Self-Quarantine: Is There a Trade-off between GDP and Public Health? (Working Paper No. 27100; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27100
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Mulligan, C. B. (2020). Economic Activity and the Value of Medical Innovation during a Pandemic (Working Paper No. 27060; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27060
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Berger, D. W., Herkenhoff, K. F., & Mongey, S. (2020). An SEIR Infectious Disease Model with Testing and Conditional Quarantine (Working Paper No. 26901; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26901
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Barro, R. J. (2020). Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions and Mortality in U.S. Cities during the Great Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1919 (Working Paper No. 27049; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27049
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Eichenbaum, M. S., Rebelo, S., & Trabandt, M. (2020). The Macroeconomics of Testing and Quarantining (Working Paper No. 27104; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27104
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Bodenhorn, Howard. ‘Business in a Time of Spanish Influenza’. Working Paper. Working Paper Series. National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2020. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27495.
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Jones, Callum J, Thomas Philippon, and Venky Venkateswaran. ‘Optimal Mitigation Policies in a Pandemic: Social Distancing and Working from Home’. Working Paper. Working Paper Series. National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2020. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26984.
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Stock, James H. ‘Data Gaps and the Policy Response to the Novel Coronavirus’. Working Paper. Working Paper Series. National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2020. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26902.
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Vu, Jonathan T, Benjamin K Kaplan, Shomesh Chaudhuri, Monique K Mansoura, and Andrew W Lo. ‘Financing Vaccines for Global Health Security’. Working Paper. Working Paper Series. National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2020. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27212.
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Burke, Marshall, Anne Driscoll, Jenny Xue, Sam Heft-Neal, Jennifer Burney, and Michael Wara. ‘The Changing Risk and Burden of Wildfire in the US’. Working Paper. Working Paper Series. National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2020. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27423.
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Newhouse, J. P. (2020). An Ounce of Prevention (Working Paper No. 27553; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27553
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Malani, A., Soman, S., Asher, S., Novosad, P., Imbert, C., Tandel, V., Agarwal, A., Alomar, A., Sarker, A., Shah, D., Shen, D., Gruber, J., Sachdeva, S., Kaiser, D., & Bettencourt, L. M. A. (2020). Adaptive Control of COVID-19 Outbreaks in India: Local, Gradual, and Trigger-based Exit Paths from Lockdown (Working Paper No. 27532; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27532
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div38healthpsychologist.com div38healthpsychologist.com
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Well-Being Services for Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. (2020, August 4). The Health Psychologist. https://div38healthpsychologist.com/2020/08/04/well-being-services-for-health-care-workers-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-program-highlights-from-the-department-of-psychiatry-university-of-colorado-school-of-medicine/
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Patrick De Oliveira on Twitter: “After planning to bring back half of its students to campus in the Fall, Princeton is now deciding to go fully remote. ‘We cannot provide a genuinely meaningful on-campus experience for our students this fall in a manner that is respectful of public health concerns’” / Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved August 10, 2020, from https://twitter.com/PLSOliveira/status/1291829645600579585
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Esther Choo, MD MPH on Twitter: “Question for Twitter. Why didn’t academia take the lead on Covid information? Why didn’t schools of med & public health across the US band together, put forth their experienced scientists in epidemiology, virology, emergency & critical care, pandemic and disaster response...” / Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved August 10, 2020, from https://twitter.com/choo_ek/status/1291789978716868608
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www.tandfonline.com www.tandfonline.com
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Walter, N., Brooks, J. J., Saucier, C. J., & Suresh, S. (2020). Evaluating the Impact of Attempts to Correct Health Misinformation on Social Media: A Meta-Analysis. Health Communication, 0(0), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1794553
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www.newscientist.com www.newscientist.com
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Vaughan, Adam. ‘Opening Schools in UK without More Testing Risks Covid-19 Second Wave’. New Scientist. Accessed 10 August 2020. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2250681-opening-schools-in-uk-without-more-testing-risks-covid-19-second-wave/.
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arxiv.org arxiv.org
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Bracci, Alberto, Matthieu Nadini, Maxwell Aliapoulios, Damon McCoy, Ian Gray, Alexander Teytelboym, Angela Gallo, and Andrea Baronchelli. ‘The COVID-19 Online Shadow Economy’. ArXiv:2008.01585 [Physics], 6 August 2020. http://arxiv.org/abs/2008.01585.
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www.thelancet.com www.thelancet.com
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Arora, Rahul K., Abel Joseph, Jordan Van Wyk, Simona Rocco, Austin Atmaja, Ewan May, Tingting Yan, et al. ‘SeroTracker: A Global SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence Dashboard’. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 0, no. 0 (4 August 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30631-9.
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Nan, Xiaoli, Yuan Wang, and Kathryn Thier. ‘Health Misinformation’. Preprint. PsyArXiv, 4 August 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6mrgv.
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Though important, social distancing could be reduced to one metre instead of 2m
Take away: As with most things in nature, there are always exceptions – transmission occurring at greater distances than 3 ft and evidence of aerosolization have been reported.
Discussion: In scientific terms, this virus is still very new so the data supporting an optimal physical distance to prevent transmission remains scarce. In the absence of data, public health agencies have used what they understand about this virus and similar viruses to infer a “best” answer. Public health agencies try to simplify the recommendation to a single answer, but the reality is much more complex.
According to reports the WHO bases their recommendation for 1 meter (~3 ft) distancing off of an understanding that SARS-CoV-2 behaves like similar respiratory viruses that are primarily transmitted via larger droplets (as opposed to smaller aerosols). Assuming most spread is via droplets, the WHO reportedly follows the results of a 1934 study indicating most respiratory droplets fall to the ground within 3 feet.
However, as with most things in nature, there are always exceptions – transmission occurring at greater distances than 3 ft and evidence of aerosolization have been reported.
The evidence basis for the CDCs guidance for 6 feet of separation is less clear, but probably reflects lower risk tolerance, or greater weight to evidence of aerosolization or wider droplet spread.
Even with further study, there may never be a clear answer for optimal physical distancing. This is because, (1) the area of high risk for transmission is probably dependent on the specific conditions of the interaction (e.g. loud talking, windy environment), and (2) the “optimal” distance is based on risk tolerance. There is no single distance between individuals where risk of transmission drops off precipitously to zero.
All evidence indicates that greater distances are safer but, for example, consider how restrictive a physical distancing recommendation of >50 ft would be. In the end, because we can’t control how far others stand away from us, we ask governments to consider these tradeoffs and deliver a “best” answer to guide their citizenry.
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twitter.com twitter.com
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@who published a massive review/meta-analysis of interventions for flu epidemics in 2019, found "moderate" evidence AGAINST using masks.
Take away: In their 2019 report the WHO actually recommended for, not against, the use of masks in severe influenza epidemics or pandemics, contrasting the statement made in this tweet. Further, recent evidence overwhelmingly supports the benefit of masks for preventing the spread of SARS-CoV2, the virus that causes COVID-19.
The claim: Overall the claim here appears to be that masks are ineffective against the spread of SARS-CoV2, the virus that causes the clinical syndrome known as COVID-19. The evidence used in support of this claim is that “the WHO found ‘moderate’ evidence AGAINST using masks” in their 2019 report on the use of non-pharmaceutical interventions for mitigating influenza pandemics.
The evidence: This overall claim is poorly supported by data and the evidence used to support this claim is incorrectly characterized by the claimant. Narrowly, the claim that the WHO recommended against mask use is patently false. In their report, the WHO reviewed 10 separate studies and did conclude that there was scant evidence that masks significantly decreased spread of the flu. However, they found no evidence that masks increased spread, and based on mechanistic plausibility (i.e. masks are barriers that prevent droplets from passing between people) and the low risk/high reward, they made a conditional recommendation for mask use in severe influenza epidemics or pandemics.
While influenza does not behave exactly like the SARS-CoV2 virus, the similarities in mode of transmission make it reasonably likely that masks would also have protective effects against the spread of this virus is well. The best evidence is hard data, and that too increasingly points to the benefit of masks for slowing down or preventing the transmission of SARS-CoV2. A recent summary of that data is available here.
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www.cdc.gov www.cdc.gov
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Razzaghi, H. (2020). Estimated County-Level Prevalence of Selected Underlying Medical Conditions Associated with Increased Risk for Severe COVID-19 Illness—United States, 2018. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6929a1
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www.nationalgeographic.com www.nationalgeographic.com
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Why do asymptomatic COVID-19 cases even happen? (2020, July 22). Science. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/07/why-do-asymptomatic-coronavirus-cases-even-happen-cvd/
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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Mandavilli, A. (2020, July 22). Can You Get Covid-19 Again? It’s Very Unlikely, Experts Say. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/22/health/covid-antibodies-herd-immunity.html
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Br, F., & mayr. (n.d.). Trusting the experts takes more than belief – Humanities & Social Change. Retrieved 8 August 2020, from https://hscif.org/trusting-the-experts-takes-more-than-belief/
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covid-19.iza.org covid-19.iza.org
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The COVID-19 Conundrum in the Developing World: Protecting Lives or Protecting Jobs?. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved August 8, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13136/
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covid-19.iza.org covid-19.iza.org
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Lockdowns, Loneliness and Life Satisfaction. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved August 8, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13140/
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covid-19.iza.org covid-19.iza.org
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Should Contact Bans Be Lifted in Germany? A Quantitative Prediction of Its Effects. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved August 8, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13151/
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covid-19.iza.org covid-19.iza.org
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Cho. S. J., Lee. J. Y. Winters. J. V., (2020). COVID-19 Employment Status Impacts on Food Sector Workers. Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved from: https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13334/
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covid-19.iza.org covid-19.iza.org
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Impacts of Social and Economic Factors on the Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved August 7, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13165/
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covid-19.iza.org covid-19.iza.org
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The COVID-19 Crisis and Telework: A Research Survey on Experiences, Expectations and Hopes. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved August 7, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13229/
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Fetzer, T. R., Witte, M., Hensel, L., Jachimowicz, J., Haushofer, J., Ivchenko, A., Caria, S., Reutskaja, E., Roth, C. P., Fiorin, S., Gómez, M., Kraft-Todd, G., Götz, F. M., & Yoeli, E. (2020). Global Behaviors and Perceptions at the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic (Working Paper No. 27082; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27082
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Wiemers, E. E., Abrahams, S., AlFakhri, M., Hotz, V. J., Schoeni, R. F., & Seltzer, J. A. (2020). Disparities in Vulnerability to Severe Complications from COVID-19 in the United States (Working Paper No. 27294; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27294
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Lin, Z., & Meissner, C. M. (2020). Health vs. Wealth? Public Health Policies and the Economy During Covid-19 (Working Paper No. 27099; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27099
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Banerjee, A., Alsan, M., Breza, E., Chandrasekhar, A. G., Chowdhury, A., Duflo, E., Goldsmith-Pinkham, P., & Olken, B. A. (2020). Messages on COVID-19 Prevention in India Increased Symptoms Reporting and Adherence to Preventive Behaviors Among 25 Million Recipients with Similar Effects on Non-recipient Members of Their Communities (Working Paper No. 27496; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27496
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Firm-level Expectations and Behavior in Response to the COVID-19 Crisis. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved August 5, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13253/
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The Short-Term Economic Consequences of COVID-19: Occupation Tasks and Mental Health in Canada. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved August 5, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13254/
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