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www.thelancet.com www.thelancet.com
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Lozano, R., Fullman, N., Mumford, J. E., Knight, M., Barthelemy, C. M., Abbafati, C., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdollahi, M., Abedi, A., Abolhassani, H., Abosetugn, A. E., Abreu, L. G., Abrigo, M. R. M., Haimed, A. K. A., Abushouk, A. I., Adabi, M., Adebayo, O. M., Adekanmbi, V., … Murray, C. J. L. (2020). Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30750-9
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Lancet, T. (2020). Research and higher education in the time of COVID-19. The Lancet, 396(10251), 583. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31818-3
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Ray, E. L., Wattanachit, N., Niemi, J., Kanji, A. H., House, K., Cramer, E. Y., Bracher, J., Zheng, A., Yamana, T. K., Xiong, X., Woody, S., Wang, Y., Wang, L., Walraven, R. L., Tomar, V., Sherratt, K., Sheldon, D., Reiner, R. C., Prakash, B. A., … Consortium, C.-19 F. H. (2020). Ensemble Forecasts of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the U.S. MedRxiv, 2020.08.19.20177493. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.19.20177493
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Hurst, D., & Murphy, K. (2020, June 22). Trump’s misleading information enables China to sow discord among allies, research finds. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/jun/23/trumps-misleading-information-enables-china-to-sow-discord-among-allies-research-finds
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blogs.bmj.com blogs.bmj.com
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Covid-19 has decimated independent U.S. primary care practices—How should policymakers and payers respond? (2020, July 2). The BMJ. https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2020/07/02/covid-19-has-decimated-independent-u-s-primary-care-practices-how-should-policymakers-and-payers-respond/
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Eichenbaum, M. S., Rebelo, S., & Trabandt, M. (2020). The Macroeconomics of Epidemics (Working Paper No. 26882; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26882
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Chang, R., & Velasco, A. (2020). Economic Policy Incentives to Preserve Lives and Livelihoods (Working Paper No. 27020; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27020
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tamino.wordpress.com tamino.wordpress.com
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COVID-19: Doing It Right. (2020, July 3). Open Mind. https://tamino.wordpress.com/2020/07/03/covid-19-doing-it-right/
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Horton, R. (2020). Offline: A novel solution to live with coronavirus. The Lancet, 395(10241), 1894. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31416-1
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osf.io osf.io
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Basellini, U., Alburez-Gutierrez, D., Del Fava, E., Perrotta, D., Bonetti, M., Camarda, C. G., & Zagheni, E. (2020). Linking excess mortality to Google mobility data during the COVID-19 pandemic in England and Wales [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/75d6m
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Stephen Reicher on Twitter: “A very simple question to start the week. Scotland now has a clear strategy to drive towards elimination of the virus. But what is the strategy in England? We have a series of policy changes - open the pubs, end shielding - but we have no clear overall statement of strategy.” / Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from https://twitter.com/reicherstephen/status/1277524208185204736
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osf.io osf.io
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Acosta, M., & Nestore, M. (2020). Comparing public policy implementation in Taiwan and Vietnam in the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak: A review [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/69hqx
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www.nationalgeographic.com www.nationalgeographic.com
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Here’s how to stop the virus from winning. (2020, June 26). Science. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/06/how-to-stop-coronavirus-surges-from-winning-the-war-cvd/
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www.nature.com www.nature.com
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The Trump administration must stop sidelining the CDC. (2020). Nature, 583(7818), 660–660. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02231-6
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osf.io osf.io
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Beytía, P., & Infante, C. C. (2020). Digital Pathways, Pandemic Trajectories. Using Google Trends to Track Social Responses to COVID-19 [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/yndb7
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Andy Slavitt @ 🏡 on Twitter: “COVID UPDATE July 13: There are successful examples of taking on COVID-19. And there is one story like no others. New York. 1/” / Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved July 17, 2020, from https://twitter.com/ASlavitt/status/1282838738121502720
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www.theatlantic.com www.theatlantic.com
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Marcus, J. (2020, August 15). The Fun Police Should Stand Down. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/08/containing-the-pandemic-isnt-a-job-for-cops/615298/
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covid-19.iza.org covid-19.iza.org
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Dynamics of Social Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Canada. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved August 4, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13376/
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Moya, C., Cruz y Celis Peniche, P. D., Kline, M. A., & Smaldino, P. (2020). Dynamics of Behavior Change in the COVID World [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/kxajh
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Starominski-Uehara, M. (2020). Reducing the Risks of New Coronavirus in Vulnerable Areas in Brazil [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/4739g
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Karl Friston: Up to 80% not even susceptible to Covid-19. (2020, June 4). UnHerd. https://unherd.com/2020/06/karl-friston-up-to-80-not-even-susceptible-to-covid-19/
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covid-19.iza.org covid-19.iza.org
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A Literature Review of the Economics of COVID-19. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13411/
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Holtz, D., Zhao, M., Benzell, S. G., Cao, C. Y., Rahimian, M. A., Yang, J., Allen, J., Collis, A., Moehring, A., Sowrirajan, T., Ghosh, D., Zhang, Y., Dhillon, P. S., Nicolaides, C., Eckles, D., & Aral, S. (2020). Interdependence and the cost of uncoordinated responses to COVID-19. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(33), 19837–19843. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2009522117
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osf.io osf.io
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Rahvy, A., & Ridlo, I. A. (2020). A Timeline Response: How Does Islamic Organizations Respond to COVID-19 in Indonesia? https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/kzhy9
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osf.io osf.io
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Landgrave, M. (2020). How Do Legislators Value Constituent’s (Statistical) Lives? COVID-19, Partisanship, and Value of a Statistical Life Analysis. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/n93w2
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covid-19.iza.org covid-19.iza.org
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Explaining Governors’ Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved August 8, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13137/
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Rodela, T. T., Tasnim, S., Mazumder, H., Faizah, F., Sultana, A., & Hossain, M. M. (2020). Economic Impacts of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Developing Countries [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/wygpk
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Allen-Kinross, P. (n.d.). Government issues contradictory advice on travel quarantine. Full Fact. Retrieved July 16, 2020, from https://fullfact.org/health/coronavirus-travel-quarantine-confusion/
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covid-19.iza.org covid-19.iza.org
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When Do Shelter-In-Place Orders Fight COVID-19 Best? Policy Heterogeneity across States and Adoption Time. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved August 7, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13190/
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Cronin, C. J., & Evans, W. N. (2020). Private Precaution and Public Restrictions: What Drives Social Distancing and Industry Foot Traffic in the COVID-19 Era? (Working Paper No. 27531; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27531
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Mongey, S., Pilossoph, L., & Weinberg, A. (2020). Which Workers Bear the Burden of Social Distancing Policies? (Working Paper No. 27085; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27085
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covid-19.iza.org covid-19.iza.org
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Stay-At-Home Orders, Social Distancing and Trust. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved August 5, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13234/
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Qin. X. Yam. K. Xu. M. Zhang. H., (2020) The Increase in COVID-19 Cases is Associated with Domestic Violence. PsyArXiv Preprints. Retrieved from: https://psyarxiv.com/yfkdx/
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csbs.research.illinois.edu csbs.research.illinois.edu
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jamanetwork.com jamanetwork.com
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Mishra, V., & Dexter, J. P. (2020). Comparison of Readability of Official Public Health Information About COVID-19 on Websites of International Agencies and the Governments of 15 Countries. JAMA Network Open, 3(8), e2018033–e2018033. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.18033
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Althouse, B. M., Wallace, B., Case, B., Scarpino, S. V., Berdahl, A. M., White, E. R., & Hebert-Dufresne, L. (2020). The unintended consequences of inconsistent pandemic control policies. ArXiv:2008.09629 [Physics, q-Bio]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2008.09629
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Liu, Zihan, Drake Van Egdom, Rhona Flin, Christiane Spitzmueller, Omolola Adepoju, and Ramanan Krishnamoorti. ‘I Don’t Want to Go Back: Examining the Return to Physical Workspaces During COVID-19’. Preprint. PsyArXiv, 21 August 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/un2bp.
Tags
- return to work
- non-caucasians
- childcare
- organizational strategies
- policy makers
- willingness to return
- multi-generational households
- US
- decision making
- COVID-19
- United States
- blanket policies
- flexible approaches
- employee perspectives
- concerns
- females
- physical workspaces
- is:preprint
- lang:en
Annotators
URL
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.comYouTube2
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Online Harms & Disinformation Post-COVID. (n.d.). Retrieved 20 August 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N2BmRuXbNhk
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Communicating statistics, risks and uncertainty in the age of COVID19 | David Spiegelhalter | 5x15. (n.d.). Retrieved 19 August 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_D9egJHfCw
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www.newyorker.com www.newyorker.com
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Romeo, N. (n.d.). What Can America Learn from Europe About Regulating Big Tech? The New Yorker. Retrieved August 19, 2020, from https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/what-can-america-learn-from-europe-about-regulating-big-tech
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twitter.com twitter.com
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ReconfigBehSci [@SciBeh} (2020, August). Erik, as people inside and outside Sweden continue to grapple with what exactly the Swedish strategy might have been, there are two aspects that have seemed potentially troubling to me (and only more so in light of the FOI email releases): Twitter. Retrieved from: https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1295684634529992705
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twitter.com twitter.com
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ReconfigBehSci [@SciBeh] (2020, August) "There's no explicit ban on working/going to school when you have an infected family member, that's true." that seems very odd! but, together with the mandatory school policy, if there is no ban on going to school, isn't going to school effectively mandated in these circs? Twitter. Retrieved from: https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1295725710154358791
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twitter.com twitter.com
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ReconfigBehSci (2020) what I am getting at (ex lawyer here, sorry) is that given the conjunction of mandatory schooling and explicit statement that it is ok to go to school if infected it is the legal default that the child has to go to school (unless an exception is applied for and granted)!? Twitter. Retrieved from: https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1295728757353963529
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twitter.com twitter.com
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ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: “@ErikAngner 2/2 1. mandatory schooling (where there exemptions for immune-compromised parents?) 2. encouraging household members of infected individuals to go to work/school Could you provide more background here and how you see these policies in the wider context?” / Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved August 18, 2020, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1295685503111647232
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www.thelancet.com www.thelancet.com
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Endocrinology, T. L. D. &. (2020). Obesity and COVID-19: Blame isn’t a strategy. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30274-6
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Jørgensen, F. J., Bor, A., Lindholt, M. F., & Petersen, M. B. (2020). Lockdown Evaluations During the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/4ske2
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Ganong, P., Noel, P. J., & Vavra, J. S. (2020). US Unemployment Insurance Replacement Rates During the Pandemic (Working Paper No. 27216; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27216
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Auerbach, A. J., Gorodnichenko, Y., & Murphy, D. (2020). Fiscal Policy and COVID19 Restrictions in a Demand-Determined Economy (Working Paper No. 27366; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27366
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Levin, A. T., Cochran, K. B., & Walsh, S. P. (2020). Assessing the Age Specificity of Infection Fatality Rates for COVID-19: Meta-Analysis & Public Policy Implications (Working Paper No. 27597; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27597
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Farboodi, M., Jarosch, G., & Shimer, R. (2020). Internal and External Effects of Social Distancing in a Pandemic (Working Paper No. 27059; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27059
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behavioralscientist.org behavioralscientist.org
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Why a Group of Behavioural Scientists Penned an Open Letter to the U.K. Government Questioning Its Coronavirus Response. (2020, March 16). Behavioral Scientist. https://behavioralscientist.org/why-a-group-of-behavioural-scientists-penned-an-open-letter-to-the-uk-government-questioning-its-coronavirus-response-covid-19-social-distancing/
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www.weforum.org www.weforum.org
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’Normal wasn’t working’—John Kerry, Phillip Atiba Goff and others on the new social contract post-COVID. (n.d.). World Economic Forum. Retrieved 12 August 2020, from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/06/great-reset-social-contract-john-kerry-phillip-goff/
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Andersen, M., Maclean, J. C., Pesko, M. F., & Simon, K. I. (2020). Effect of a Federal Paid Sick Leave Mandate on Working and Staying at Home: Evidence from Cellular Device Data (Working Paper No. 27138; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27138
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Coibion, O., Gorodnichenko, Y., & Weber, M. (2020). Does Policy Communication During Covid Work? (Working Paper No. 27384; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27384
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Ziedan, E., Simon, K. I., & Wing, C. (2020). Effects of State COVID-19 Closure Policy on NON-COVID-19 Health Care Utilization (Working Paper No. 27621; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27621
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Fairlie, R. W. (2020). The Impact of Covid-19 on Small Business Owners: Evidence of Early-Stage Losses from the April 2020 Current Population Survey (Working Paper No. 27309; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27309
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Ding, W., Levine, R., Lin, C., & Xie, W. (2020). Social Distancing and Social Capital: Why U.S. Counties Respond Differently to COVID-19 (Working Paper No. 27393; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27393
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Çakmaklı, C., Demiralp, S., Kalemli-Özcan, Ṣebnem, Yesiltas, S., & Yildirim, M. A. (2020). COVID-19 and Emerging Markets: An Epidemiological Model with International Production Networks and Capital Flows (Working Paper No. 27191; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27191
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Dave, D. M., Friedson, A. I., Matsuzawa, K., McNichols, D., & Sabia, J. J. (2020). Did the Wisconsin Supreme Court Restart a COVID-19 Epidemic? Evidence from a Natural Experiment (Working Paper No. 27322; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27322
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www.exeter.ac.uk www.exeter.ac.uk
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University of Exeter. (n.d.). Retrieved 12 August 2020, from https://www.exeter.ac.uk/news/homepage/title_808437_en.html
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www.weforum.org www.weforum.org
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5 myths about face masks under the microscope. (n.d.). World Economic Forum. Retrieved 12 August 2020, from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/08/coronavirus-face-masks-myths/
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www.rawstory.com www.rawstory.com
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Gettys, T. (n.d.). ‘Listening to experts is elitist’: Idaho Republicans move to strip power from public health officials. Retrieved 12 August 2020, from https://www.rawstory.com/2020/08/listening-to-experts-is-elitist-idaho-republicans-move-to-strip-power-from-public-health-officials/
Tags
- public health
- coronavirus
- health care access
- is:article
- public policy
- health policy
- Idaho
- expert opinion
- COVID-19
- lang:en
- USA
Annotators
URL
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www.nature.com www.nature.com
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Alwan, Nisreen A. ‘A Negative COVID-19 Test Does Not Mean Recovery’. Nature 584, no. 7820 (11 August 2020): 170–170. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02335-z.
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Bigio, S., Zhang, M., & Zilberman, E. (2020). Transfers vs Credit Policy: Macroeconomic Policy Trade-offs during Covid-19 (Working Paper No. 27118; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27118
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Alon, T., Kim, M., Lagakos, D., & VanVuren, M. (2020). How Should Policy Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic Differ in the Developing World? (Working Paper No. 27273; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27273
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Benmelech, E., & Tzur-Ilan, N. (2020). The Determinants of Fiscal and Monetary Policies During the Covid-19 Crisis (Working Paper No. 27461; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27461
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Avery, C., Bossert, W., Clark, A., Ellison, G., & Ellison, S. F. (2020). Policy Implications of Models of the Spread of Coronavirus: Perspectives and Opportunities for Economists (Working Paper No. 27007; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27007
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Aum, S., Lee, S. Y. (Tim), & Shin, Y. (2020). Inequality of Fear and Self-Quarantine: Is There a Trade-off between GDP and Public Health? (Working Paper No. 27100; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27100
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Alvarez, F. E., Argente, D., & Lippi, F. (2020). A Simple Planning Problem for COVID-19 Lockdown (Working Paper No. 26981; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26981
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Barnett, M., Buchak, G., & Yannelis, C. (2020). Epidemic Responses Under Uncertainty (Working Paper No. 27289; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27289
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Baker, S. R., Farrokhnia, R. A., Meyer, S., Pagel, M., & Yannelis, C. (2020). Income, Liquidity, and the Consumption Response to the 2020 Economic Stimulus Payments (Working Paper No. 27097; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27097
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Bordo, M. D., Levin, A. T., & Levy, M. D. (2020). Incorporating Scenario Analysis into the Federal Reserve’s Policy Strategy and Communications (Working Paper No. 27369; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27369
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Alfaro, L., Faia, E., Lamersdorf, N., & Saidi, F. (2020). Social Interactions in Pandemics: Fear, Altruism, and Reciprocity (Working Paper No. 27134; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27134
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Peterson, David, and Aaron Panofsky. ‘Metascience as a Scientific Social Movement’. Preprint. SocArXiv, 4 August 2020. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/4dsqa.
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Berger, D. W., Herkenhoff, K. F., & Mongey, S. (2020). An SEIR Infectious Disease Model with Testing and Conditional Quarantine (Working Paper No. 26901; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26901
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Eichenbaum, M. S., Rebelo, S., & Trabandt, M. (2020). The Macroeconomics of Testing and Quarantining (Working Paper No. 27104; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27104
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Barro, Robert J, José F Ursúa, and Joanna Weng. ‘The Coronavirus and the Great Influenza Pandemic: Lessons from the “Spanish Flu” for the Coronavirus’s Potential Effects on Mortality and Economic Activity’. Working Paper. Working Paper Series. National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2020. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26866.
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Fujita, Shigeru, Giuseppe Moscarini, and Fabien Postel-Vinay. ‘Measuring Employer-to-Employer Reallocation’. Working Paper. Working Paper Series. National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2020. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27525.
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Aizenman, Joshua, Yothin Jinjarak, Donghyun Park, and Huanhuan Zheng. ‘Good-Bye Original Sin, Hello Risk On-Off, Financial Fragility, and Crises?’ National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series, 23 April 2020. https://www.nber.org/papers/w27030.
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Moser, Christian A, and Pierre Yared. ‘Pandemic Lockdown: The Role of Government Commitment’. Working Paper. Working Paper Series. National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2020. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27062.
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Stock, James H. ‘Data Gaps and the Policy Response to the Novel Coronavirus’. Working Paper. Working Paper Series. National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2020. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26902.
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Diewert, W. Erwin, and Kevin J Fox. ‘Measuring Real Consumption and CPI Bias under Lockdown Conditions’. Working Paper. Working Paper Series. National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2020. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27144.
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Céspedes, L. F., Chang, R., & Velasco, A. (2020). The Macroeconomics of a Pandemic: A Minimalist Model (Working Paper No. 27228; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27228
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Though important, social distancing could be reduced to one metre instead of 2m
Take away: As with most things in nature, there are always exceptions – transmission occurring at greater distances than 3 ft and evidence of aerosolization have been reported.
Discussion: In scientific terms, this virus is still very new so the data supporting an optimal physical distance to prevent transmission remains scarce. In the absence of data, public health agencies have used what they understand about this virus and similar viruses to infer a “best” answer. Public health agencies try to simplify the recommendation to a single answer, but the reality is much more complex.
According to reports the WHO bases their recommendation for 1 meter (~3 ft) distancing off of an understanding that SARS-CoV-2 behaves like similar respiratory viruses that are primarily transmitted via larger droplets (as opposed to smaller aerosols). Assuming most spread is via droplets, the WHO reportedly follows the results of a 1934 study indicating most respiratory droplets fall to the ground within 3 feet.
However, as with most things in nature, there are always exceptions – transmission occurring at greater distances than 3 ft and evidence of aerosolization have been reported.
The evidence basis for the CDCs guidance for 6 feet of separation is less clear, but probably reflects lower risk tolerance, or greater weight to evidence of aerosolization or wider droplet spread.
Even with further study, there may never be a clear answer for optimal physical distancing. This is because, (1) the area of high risk for transmission is probably dependent on the specific conditions of the interaction (e.g. loud talking, windy environment), and (2) the “optimal” distance is based on risk tolerance. There is no single distance between individuals where risk of transmission drops off precipitously to zero.
All evidence indicates that greater distances are safer but, for example, consider how restrictive a physical distancing recommendation of >50 ft would be. In the end, because we can’t control how far others stand away from us, we ask governments to consider these tradeoffs and deliver a “best” answer to guide their citizenry.
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I used to be a staunch defender of proper reply styles, even for casual emails. Insert your replies below the relevant paragraph and trim the exchange to be just about the matters of discussion.
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Starominski-Uehara, M. (2020). Brief Communication Analysis of Brazilian Presidency during COVID-19 [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/jr7eq
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How Europe can emerge stronger out of the coronavirus crisis. (n.d.). World Economic Forum. Retrieved 25 July 2020, from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/07/resilient-european-economy/
Tags
- market rigidity
- coronavirus crisis
- Europe
- resilience
- post-crisis economy
- monetary policy
- recovery trajectory
- fiscal policy
- COVID-19
- uneven recovery
- need for transformation
- Next Generation EU
- resource reallocation
- GDP
- high-debt countries
- is:webpage
- climate-friendly recovery
- lang:en
Annotators
URL
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www.nature.com www.nature.com
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Lewis, D. (2020). Mounting evidence suggests coronavirus is airborne—But health advice has not caught up. Nature, 583(7817), 510–513. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02058-1
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osf.io osf.io
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La, V.-P., Pham, T.-H., Ho, T. M., Hoàng, N. M., Linh, N. P. K., Vuong, T.-T., Nguyen, H.-K. T., Tran, T., Van Quy, K., Ho, T. M., & Vuong, Q.-H. (2020). Policy response, social media and science journalism for the sustainability of the public health system amid the COVID-19 outbreak: The Vietnam lessons [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/cfw8x
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Younes, G. A., Ayoubi, C., Ballester, O., Cristelli, G., de Rassenfosse, G., Foray, D., Gaule, P., Pellegrino, G., van den Heuvel, M., Webster, B., & Zhou, L. (2020). COVID-19_Insights from Innovation Economists [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/b5zae
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osf.io osf.io
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Starominski-Uehara, M. (2020). Governance in Crisis: Institutionalizing Reflective Report to Guide Decision Making Under Uncertainty [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/y3nsa
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Younes, G. A., Ayoubi, C., Ballester, O., Cristelli, G., de Rassenfosse, G., Foray, D., Gaule, P., van den Heuvel, M., Webster, B., & Zhou, L. (2020). COVID-19: Insights from Innovation Economists (with French executive summary) [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/65pgr
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osf.io osf.io
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Hameleers, M. (2020). Prospect Theory in Times of a Pandemic: The Effects of Gain versus Loss Framing on Policy Preferences and Emotional Responses During the 2020 Coronavirus Outbreak [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/7pykj
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osf.io osf.io
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Azim, S. S., roy, arindam, Aich, A., & Dey, D. (2020). Fake news in the time of environmental disaster: Preparing framework for COVID-19 [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/wdr5v
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Martin, G., Hanna, E., & Dingwall, R. (2020). Face masks for the public during Covid-19: An appeal for caution in policy [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/uyzxe
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A Path to Reproductive Justice: Research, Practice and Policies. (2020, July 15). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8YYQ_bKQij0&feature=emb_logo
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science.sciencemag.org science.sciencemag.org
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Barton, C. M., Alberti, M., Ames, D., Atkinson, J.-A., Bales, J., Burke, E., Chen, M., Diallo, S. Y., Earn, D. J. D., Fath, B., Feng, Z., Gibbons, C., Hammond, R., Heffernan, J., Houser, H., Hovmand, P. S., Kopainsky, B., Mabry, P. L., Mair, C., … Tucker, G. (2020). Call for transparency of COVID-19 models. Science, 368(6490), 482.2-483. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb8637
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science.sciencemag.org science.sciencemag.org
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Rosenbloom, D., & Markard, J. (2020). A COVID-19 recovery for climate. Science, 368(6490), 447–447. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc4887
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docs.google.com docs.google.com
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COVID-19 Social Science Tracker - Google Sheets
Tags
- social norm
- lang:en
- research
- healthcare
- analysis
- conspiracy theory
- behavior
- infection
- international
- COVID-19
- tracker
- spreadsheet
- data collection
- publication
- preprint
- social media
- government
- social distancing
- isolation
- sheets
- unofficial
- mental health
- policy
- medicine
- uncertainty
- community
- misinformation
- is:other
- social science
Annotators
URL
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Salvador, C., Berg, M., Yu, Q., Alvaro, S., & Kitayama, S. (2020, April 13). Relational mobility predicts the increased speed of the spread of COVID-19: A 37 country study. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/gwpj3
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Gelfand, M., Jackson, J. C., Pan, X., Nau, D., Dagher, M. M., & Chiu, C. (2020, April 1). Cultural and Institutional Factors Predicting the Infection Rate and Mortality Likelihood of the COVID-19 Pandemic. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/m7f8a
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osf.io osf.io
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Cruz, C. J. P., Ganly, R., Li, Z., & Gietel-Basten, S. (2020). Imported cases, community action, policy and institutional systems drive Hong Kong’s COVID-19 experience [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/5zuv7
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Thorneloe, R., Wilcockson, H. E., PhD, Lamb, M., Jordan, C. H., & Arden, M. (2020, July 20). Willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccine among adults at high-risk of COVID-19: a UK-wide survey. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/fs9wk
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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Racism: The Ultimate Underlying Condition. (2020, June 18). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cozo8lj_RTA&feature=emb_logo
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www.apha.org www.apha.org
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APHA. (n.d.) Advancing Racial Equity Webinar Series. https://www.apha.org/racial-equity
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Basu, A., Roy, A., Hazra, A. K., & Pramanick, K. (2020). Analysis of youths’ perspective in India on and during the pandemic of Covid-19 [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/4qhgd
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onlinelibrary.wiley.com onlinelibrary.wiley.com
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O’Connor, D. B., Aggleton, J. P., Chakrabarti, B., Cooper, C. L., Creswell, C., Dunsmuir, S., Fiske, S. T., Gathercole, S., Gough, B., Ireland, J. L., Jones, M. V., Jowett, A., Kagan, C., Karanika‐Murray, M., Kaye, L. K., Kumari, V., Lewandowsky, S., Lightman, S., Malpass, D., … Armitage, C. J. (n.d.). Research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: A call to action for psychological science. British Journal of Psychology, n/a(n/a), e12468. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12468
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Motta, M., & Jansa, J. (2020). Concern About COVID-19 & Support for Universal Vote by Mail. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/yatjc
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osf.io osf.io
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Heap, S. H., Koop, C., Matakos, K., Unan, A., & Weber, N. S. (2020). COVID-19 and people’s health-wealth preferences: Information effects and policy implications [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/mz67j
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region. (2020, June 23). Webinar: COVID-19 pandemic – an opportunity or barrier to health as a bridge for peace?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pNurBUky8s0
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wellcomeopenresearch.org wellcomeopenresearch.org
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Jeffrey, B., Walters, C. E., Ainslie, K. E. C., Eales, O., Ciavarella, C., Bhatia, S., Hayes, S., Baguelin, M., Boonyasiri, A., Brazeau, N. F., Cuomo-Dannenburg, G., FitzJohn, R. G., Gaythorpe, K., Green, W., Imai, N., Mellan, T. A., Mishra, S., Nouvellet, P., Unwin, H. J. T., … Riley, S. (2020). Anonymised and aggregated crowd level mobility data from mobile phones suggests that initial compliance with COVID-19 social distancing interventions was high and geographically consistent across the UK. Wellcome Open Research, 5, 170. https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15997.1
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www.miamiherald.com www.miamiherald.com
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Charles, J. (n.d.). Bahamas closes borders to U.S. tourists after COVID-19 cases spike; others still welcome. Miamiherald. Retrieved July 20, 2020, from https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/article244340147.html
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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FSI Stanford. (2020, June 1). The Executive Order on Platforms and Online Speech: Stanford’s Cyber Policy Center Responds. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKeWGXT8qp4
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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UCL. (2020, May 28). One crisis leads to another: Challenges and responses across emerging economies during COVID-19. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCXpg2iqYlM&feature=youtu.be
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www.blogto.com www.blogto.com
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Toronto to remain in Stage 2 of reopening while much of the province moves on to Stage 3. (n.d.). Retrieved July 17, 2020, from https://www.blogto.com/city/2020/07/toronto-stage-2-reopening-province-stage-3/
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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UCL-Lancet Lecture 2020: Global Health Preparedness in the Face of Emerging Epidemics. (2020, July 13). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pqE48fmyRkw&feature=youtu.be
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www.pscp.tv www.pscp.tv
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Inc, T. (n.d.). Independent SAGE @IndependentSage. Periscope. Retrieved July 17, 2020, from https://www.pscp.tv/IndependentSage/1lPKqLWLBeYxb
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Walawalkar, A. (2020, July 11). Boris Johnson urged to clarify message on wearing face masks in shops. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/11/boris-johnson-urged-to-clarify-message-on-wearing-face-masks-in-shops
Tags
- guidance
- face mask
- communication
- public health
- is:news
- government
- restriction
- policy
- Boris Johnson
- clarification
- advice
- COVID-19
- lang:en
- rule
- UK
Annotators
URL
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www.bps.org.uk www.bps.org.uk
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Bringing People into Policy Making (2020, May 28). BPS. https://www.bps.org.uk/news-and-policy/bringing-people-policy-making
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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COVID-19 and Implications for Europe. (2020, May 17). FSI Stanford. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SrbiBp--BuU
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