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Dieu à l'école de la République Documentaires ÉMISSION DIFFUSÉE LE 18 JAN 2020
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Liebst, Lasse Suonperä, and Marie Rosenkrantz Lindegaard. ‘Face-Touching as a Possible Correlate of Mask-Wearing: A Video Observational Study of Public Place Behavior during the COVID-19 Pandemic’. Preprint. PsyArXiv, 22 August 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/u6wcp.
Daas, Chantal den, Gill Hubbard, Marie Johnston, and Diane Dixon. ‘Protocol CHARIS Study’. Preprint. PsyArXiv, 19 August 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jnxcu.
Harper, Craig A., and Darren Rhodes. ‘Ideological Responses to the Breaking of COVID-19 Social Distancing Recommendations’, 19 August 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/dkqj6.
Harper, Craig A., and Darren Rhodes. ‘Ideological Responses to the Breaking of COVID-19 Social Distancing Recommendations’, 19 August 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/dkqj6.
Harper, Craig A., and Darren Rhodes. ‘Ideological Responses to the Breaking of COVID-19 Social Distancing Recommendations’, 19 August 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/dkqj6.
GOV.UK. ‘Statement from the UK Chief Medical Officers on Schools and Childcare Reopening’. Accessed 24 August 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/statement-from-the-uk-chief-medical-officers-on-schools-and-childcare-reopening.
Mandavilli, A. (2020, August 17). What if ‘Herd Immunity’ Is Closer Than Scientists Thought? The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/17/health/coronavirus-herd-immunity.html
COVIDConversations: Protecting Children/Adolescents’ Mental Health with Professors Stein & Blakemore. (2020, June 24). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=laYyNumPQEA&feature=emb_logo
Sherrard-Smith, E., Hogan, A. B., Hamlet, A., Watson, O. J., Whittaker, C., Winskill, P., Ali, F., Mohammad, A. B., Uhomoibhi, P., Maikore, I., Ogbulafor, N., Nikau, J., Kont, M. D., Challenger, J. D., Verity, R., Lambert, B., Cairns, M., Rao, B., Baguelin, M., … Churcher, T. S. (2020). The potential public health consequences of COVID-19 on malaria in Africa. Nature Medicine, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-1025-y
(1) Adam Briggs on Twitter: “Might be of interest. In 2017, @PHE underwent an independent international peer-review from @IANPHIhealth - the International Association of National Public Health Institutes. An organisation that strengthens government agencies responsible for public health. Thread/” / Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved August 18, 2020, from https://twitter.com/ADMBriggs/status/1295416016877625344
Who is behind the Qanon conspiracy? We’ve traced it to three people. (n.d.). NBC News. Retrieved August 18, 2020, from https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/how-three-conspiracy-theorists-took-q-sparked-qanon-n900531
Marshall, M. (n.d.). Everything you need to know about Russia’s coronavirus vaccine claims. New Scientist. Retrieved August 18, 2020, from https://www.newscientist.com/article/2251722-everything-you-need-to-know-about-russias-coronavirus-vaccine-claims/
Erev, I., Plonsky, O., & Roth, Y. (2020). Complacency, panic, and the value of gentle rule enforcement in addressing pandemics. Nature Human Behaviour, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-00939-z
Horstmann, K. T., Buecker, S., Krasko, J., Kritzler, S., & Terwiel, S. (2020). Who does or does not use the “Corona-Warn-App” and why? [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/e9fu3
Jørgensen, F. J., Bor, A., Lindholt, M. F., & Petersen, M. B. (2020). Lockdown Evaluations During the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/4ske2
Lewis, D. (2020). ‘We felt we had beaten it’: New Zealand’s race to eliminate the coronavirus again. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02402-5
Clay, K., Lewis, J. A., Severnini, E. R., & Wang, X. (2020). The Value of Health Insurance during a Crisis: Effects of Medicaid Implementation on Pandemic Influenza Mortality (Working Paper No. 27120; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27120
Lo, A. W., Siah, K. W., & Wong, C. H. (2020). Estimating Probabilities of Success of Vaccine and Other Anti-Infective Therapeutic Development Programs (Working Paper No. 27176; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27176
Levin, A. T., Cochran, K. B., & Walsh, S. P. (2020). Assessing the Age Specificity of Infection Fatality Rates for COVID-19: Meta-Analysis & Public Policy Implications (Working Paper No. 27597; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27597
Paris, Marseille named as high-risk COVID zones, making curbs likelier. (2020, August 14). Reuters. https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-health-coronavirus-france-idUKKCN25A0LC
Public Health England has changed its definition of deaths: Here’s what it means. (n.d.). CEBM. Retrieved 14 August 2020, from https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/public-health-england-death-data-revised/
Porter, C. (2020, June 5). The Top Doctor Who Aced the Coronavirus Test. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/05/world/canada/bonnie-henry-british-columbia-coronavirus.html
Argente, D. O., Hsieh, C.-T., & Lee, M. (2020). The Cost of Privacy: Welfare Effects of the Disclosure of COVID-19 Cases (Working Paper No. 27220; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27220
Allcott, H., Boxell, L., Conway, J. C., Gentzkow, M., Thaler, M., & Yang, D. Y. (2020). Polarization and Public Health: Partisan Differences in Social Distancing during the Coronavirus Pandemic (Working Paper No. 26946; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26946
Clemens, J., & Veuger, S. (2020). Implications of the Covid-19 Pandemic for State Government Tax Revenues (Working Paper No. 27426; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27426
Ding, W., Levine, R., Lin, C., & Xie, W. (2020). Social Distancing and Social Capital: Why U.S. Counties Respond Differently to COVID-19 (Working Paper No. 27393; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27393
Aspelund, K. M., Droste, M. C., Stock, J. H., & Walker, C. D. (2020). Identification and Estimation of Undetected COVID-19 Cases Using Testing Data from Iceland (Working Paper No. 27528; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27528
Dave, D. M., Friedson, A. I., Matsuzawa, K., McNichols, D., & Sabia, J. J. (2020). Did the Wisconsin Supreme Court Restart a COVID-19 Epidemic? Evidence from a Natural Experiment (Working Paper No. 27322; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27322
Lin, P. Z., & Meissner, C. M. (2020). A Note on Long-Run Persistence of Public Health Outcomes in Pandemics (Working Paper No. 27119; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27119
Gettys, T. (n.d.). ‘Listening to experts is elitist’: Idaho Republicans move to strip power from public health officials. Retrieved 12 August 2020, from https://www.rawstory.com/2020/08/listening-to-experts-is-elitist-idaho-republicans-move-to-strip-power-from-public-health-officials/
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‘Coronavirus Cases Surge as France Goes “Wrong Way”’. BBC News, 11 August 2020, sec. Europe. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53745481.
AP NEWS. ‘Health Officials Are Quitting or Getting Fired amid Outbreak’, 10 August 2020. https://apnews.com/8ea3b3669bccf8a637b81f8261f1cd78.
A big thanks to José Valim for patiently dealing with me while working on this ticket.
Pink, S. L., Stagnaro, M., Chu, J., Mernyk, J., Voelkel, J. G., & Willer, R. (2020, August 10). Five Experimental Tests of the Effects of Short Messages on Compliance with COVID-19 Public Health Guidelines. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/g93zw
Phil Galewitz on Twitter: “‘School children are not the drivers of community spread’ of COVID. --@GovRonDeSantis” / Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved August 11, 2020, from https://twitter.com/philgalewitz/status/1292863878439870464
Bellafante, G. (2020, August 7). Lifestyles of the Rich and Reckless: Posh Pandemic Parties. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/07/nyregion/coronavirus-rich-parties.html
Simonov, A., Sacher, S. K., Dubé, J.-P. H., & Biswas, S. (2020). The Persuasive Effect of Fox News: Non-Compliance with Social Distancing During the Covid-19 Pandemic (Working Paper No. 27237; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27237
Aum, S., Lee, S. Y. (Tim), & Shin, Y. (2020). Inequality of Fear and Self-Quarantine: Is There a Trade-off between GDP and Public Health? (Working Paper No. 27100; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27100
Berger, D. W., Herkenhoff, K. F., & Mongey, S. (2020). An SEIR Infectious Disease Model with Testing and Conditional Quarantine (Working Paper No. 26901; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26901
Barro, R. J. (2020). Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions and Mortality in U.S. Cities during the Great Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1919 (Working Paper No. 27049; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27049
(Guess what pwd stands for?)
aww...thanks dev for making us non-programmers feel like we are part of this world
Bodenhorn, Howard. ‘Business in a Time of Spanish Influenza’. Working Paper. Working Paper Series. National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2020. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27495.
Stock, James H. ‘Data Gaps and the Policy Response to the Novel Coronavirus’. Working Paper. Working Paper Series. National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2020. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26902.
Vu, Jonathan T, Benjamin K Kaplan, Shomesh Chaudhuri, Monique K Mansoura, and Andrew W Lo. ‘Financing Vaccines for Global Health Security’. Working Paper. Working Paper Series. National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2020. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27212.
Egorov, G., Enikolopov, R., Makarin, A., & Petrova, M. (2020). Divided We Stay Home: Social Distancing and Ethnic Diversity (Working Paper No. 27277; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27277
Bethune, Z. A., & Korinek, A. (2020). Covid-19 Infection Externalities: Trading Off Lives vs. Livelihoods (Working Paper No. 27009; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27009
Patrick De Oliveira on Twitter: “After planning to bring back half of its students to campus in the Fall, Princeton is now deciding to go fully remote. ‘We cannot provide a genuinely meaningful on-campus experience for our students this fall in a manner that is respectful of public health concerns’” / Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved August 10, 2020, from https://twitter.com/PLSOliveira/status/1291829645600579585
Esther Choo, MD MPH on Twitter: “Question for Twitter. Why didn’t academia take the lead on Covid information? Why didn’t schools of med & public health across the US band together, put forth their experienced scientists in epidemiology, virology, emergency & critical care, pandemic and disaster response...” / Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved August 10, 2020, from https://twitter.com/choo_ek/status/1291789978716868608
Walter, N., Brooks, J. J., Saucier, C. J., & Suresh, S. (2020). Evaluating the Impact of Attempts to Correct Health Misinformation on Social Media: A Meta-Analysis. Health Communication, 0(0), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1794553
Vaughan, Adam. ‘Opening Schools in UK without More Testing Risks Covid-19 Second Wave’. New Scientist. Accessed 10 August 2020. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2250681-opening-schools-in-uk-without-more-testing-risks-covid-19-second-wave/.
Bracci, Alberto, Matthieu Nadini, Maxwell Aliapoulios, Damon McCoy, Ian Gray, Alexander Teytelboym, Angela Gallo, and Andrea Baronchelli. ‘The COVID-19 Online Shadow Economy’. ArXiv:2008.01585 [Physics], 6 August 2020. http://arxiv.org/abs/2008.01585.
Arora, Rahul K., Abel Joseph, Jordan Van Wyk, Simona Rocco, Austin Atmaja, Ewan May, Tingting Yan, et al. ‘SeroTracker: A Global SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence Dashboard’. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 0, no. 0 (4 August 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30631-9.
Though important, social distancing could be reduced to one metre instead of 2m
Take away: As with most things in nature, there are always exceptions – transmission occurring at greater distances than 3 ft and evidence of aerosolization have been reported.
Discussion: In scientific terms, this virus is still very new so the data supporting an optimal physical distance to prevent transmission remains scarce. In the absence of data, public health agencies have used what they understand about this virus and similar viruses to infer a “best” answer. Public health agencies try to simplify the recommendation to a single answer, but the reality is much more complex.
According to reports the WHO bases their recommendation for 1 meter (~3 ft) distancing off of an understanding that SARS-CoV-2 behaves like similar respiratory viruses that are primarily transmitted via larger droplets (as opposed to smaller aerosols). Assuming most spread is via droplets, the WHO reportedly follows the results of a 1934 study indicating most respiratory droplets fall to the ground within 3 feet.
However, as with most things in nature, there are always exceptions – transmission occurring at greater distances than 3 ft and evidence of aerosolization have been reported.
The evidence basis for the CDCs guidance for 6 feet of separation is less clear, but probably reflects lower risk tolerance, or greater weight to evidence of aerosolization or wider droplet spread.
Even with further study, there may never be a clear answer for optimal physical distancing. This is because, (1) the area of high risk for transmission is probably dependent on the specific conditions of the interaction (e.g. loud talking, windy environment), and (2) the “optimal” distance is based on risk tolerance. There is no single distance between individuals where risk of transmission drops off precipitously to zero.
All evidence indicates that greater distances are safer but, for example, consider how restrictive a physical distancing recommendation of >50 ft would be. In the end, because we can’t control how far others stand away from us, we ask governments to consider these tradeoffs and deliver a “best” answer to guide their citizenry.
@who published a massive review/meta-analysis of interventions for flu epidemics in 2019, found "moderate" evidence AGAINST using masks.
Take away: In their 2019 report the WHO actually recommended for, not against, the use of masks in severe influenza epidemics or pandemics, contrasting the statement made in this tweet. Further, recent evidence overwhelmingly supports the benefit of masks for preventing the spread of SARS-CoV2, the virus that causes COVID-19.
The claim: Overall the claim here appears to be that masks are ineffective against the spread of SARS-CoV2, the virus that causes the clinical syndrome known as COVID-19. The evidence used in support of this claim is that “the WHO found ‘moderate’ evidence AGAINST using masks” in their 2019 report on the use of non-pharmaceutical interventions for mitigating influenza pandemics.
The evidence: This overall claim is poorly supported by data and the evidence used to support this claim is incorrectly characterized by the claimant. Narrowly, the claim that the WHO recommended against mask use is patently false. In their report, the WHO reviewed 10 separate studies and did conclude that there was scant evidence that masks significantly decreased spread of the flu. However, they found no evidence that masks increased spread, and based on mechanistic plausibility (i.e. masks are barriers that prevent droplets from passing between people) and the low risk/high reward, they made a conditional recommendation for mask use in severe influenza epidemics or pandemics.
While influenza does not behave exactly like the SARS-CoV2 virus, the similarities in mode of transmission make it reasonably likely that masks would also have protective effects against the spread of this virus is well. The best evidence is hard data, and that too increasingly points to the benefit of masks for slowing down or preventing the transmission of SARS-CoV2. A recent summary of that data is available here.
Razzaghi, H. (2020). Estimated County-Level Prevalence of Selected Underlying Medical Conditions Associated with Increased Risk for Severe COVID-19 Illness—United States, 2018. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6929a1
Why do asymptomatic COVID-19 cases even happen? (2020, July 22). Science. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/07/why-do-asymptomatic-coronavirus-cases-even-happen-cvd/
Mandavilli, A. (2020, July 22). Can You Get Covid-19 Again? It’s Very Unlikely, Experts Say. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/22/health/covid-antibodies-herd-immunity.html
Br, F., & mayr. (n.d.). Trusting the experts takes more than belief – Humanities & Social Change. Retrieved 8 August 2020, from https://hscif.org/trusting-the-experts-takes-more-than-belief/
The COVID-19 Conundrum in the Developing World: Protecting Lives or Protecting Jobs?. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved August 8, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13136/
Should Contact Bans Be Lifted in Germany? A Quantitative Prediction of Its Effects. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved August 8, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13151/
Impacts of Social and Economic Factors on the Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved August 7, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13165/
The COVID-19 Crisis and Telework: A Research Survey on Experiences, Expectations and Hopes. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved August 7, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13229/
Galasso, V., Pons, V., Profeta, P., Becher, M., Brouard, S., & Foucault, M. (2020). Gender Differences in COVID-19 Related Attitudes and Behavior: Evidence from a Panel Survey in Eight OECD Countries (Working Paper No. 27359; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27359
Barrios, J. M., Benmelech, E., Hochberg, Y. V., Sapienza, P., & Zingales, L. (2020). Civic Capital and Social Distancing during the Covid-19 Pandemic (Working Paper No. 27320; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27320
McLaren, J. (2020). Racial Disparity in COVID-19 Deaths: Seeking Economic Roots with Census data. (Working Paper No. 27407; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27407
Desmet, K., & Wacziarg, R. (2020). Understanding Spatial Variation in COVID-19 across the United States (Working Paper No. 27329; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27329
It’s Time to Protect the Public Domain by Wikimedia Foundation
I found this to be a very considered argument that protecting the Public Domain is just as important as protecting that which can be Copyrighted. Public Domain content is just as important to be able to contribute to the Commons - we would lose a great deal if this content was not supported to remain freely available in the Commons.
Lin, Z., & Meissner, C. M. (2020). Health vs. Wealth? Public Health Policies and the Economy During Covid-19 (Working Paper No. 27099; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27099
Barnett ’15, L., August 4, & 2020. (n.d.). When Voting Is a Risky Choice. Harvard Law Today. Retrieved 6 August 2020, from https://today.law.harvard.edu/feature/when-voting-is-a-risky-choice/
Modelling the Distributional Impact of the COVID-19 Crisis. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved August 5, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13235/
Firm-level Expectations and Behavior in Response to the COVID-19 Crisis. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved August 5, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13253/
Were Urban Cowboys Enough to Control COVID-19? Local Shelter-In-Place Orders and Coronavirus Case Growth. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved August 4, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13262/
If Sick-Leave Becomes More Costly, Will I Go Back to Work? Could It Be Too Soon?
If Sick-Leave Becomes More Costly, Will I Go Back to Work? Could It Be Too Soon?. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved August 4, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13379/
Working at Home in Greece: Unexplored Potential at Times of Social Distancing?. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13408/
Public Attention and Policy Responses to COVID-19 Pandemic. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13427/
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Sweden Did Not Take Herd Immunity Approach Against Coronavirus Pandemic. (2020, July 29). Debunking Denialism. https://debunkingdenialism.com/2020/07/29/sweden-did-not-take-herd-immunity-approach-against-coronavirus-pandemic/
Covid State of Play: Jonathan Zittrain & Margaret Bourdeaux with Beth Cameron & KJ Seung. (2020, July 29). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVn9kn88C_Q
Coronavirus: Can kids spread COVID-19? Your questions answered. (n.d.). Indystar. Retrieved August 2, 2020, from https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2020/07/17/coronavirus-can-kids-spread-covid-19-spreadquestions-answered/5450062002/
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Sparrow, A., Gayle, D., Morris, S., Brignall, M., & Morris, S. (2020, July 28). UK: 119 new Covid-related deaths as PM says ‘signs of second wave’ in parts of Europe – as it happened. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2020/jul/28/uk-coronavirus-live-news-covid-19-latest-updates-quarantine-spain
Krekel, C., Swanke, S., De Neve, J., & Fancourt, D. (2020). Are Happier People More Compliant? Global Evidence From Three Large-Scale Surveys During Covid-19 Lockdowns [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/65df4
Jul 30, J. C. · P., & July 31, 2020 1:50 PM ET | Last Updated: (2020, July 30). Black people and other people of colour make up 83% of reported COVID-19 cases in Toronto | CBC News. CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/toronto-covid-19-data-1.5669091
Bierwiaczonek, K., Kunst, J. R., & Pich, O. (2020, July 29). Belief in COVID-19 Conspiracy Theories Reduces Social Distancing over Time. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/tqfrw
Chatam House (2020) We may have a vaccine in the next 12 months...And already we are seeing the rise of an anti-vaccination movement. Retrieved from: https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1289219157968293889
Glover, A., Heathcote, J., Krueger, D., & Ríos-Rull, J.-V. (2020). Health versus Wealth: On the Distributional Effects of Controlling a Pandemic (Working Paper No. 27046; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27046
Akbarpour, M., Cook, C., Marzuoli, A., Mongey, S., Nagaraj, A., Saccarola, M., Tebaldi, P., Vasserman, S., & Yang, H. (2020). Socioeconomic Network Heterogeneity and Pandemic Policy Response (Working Paper No. 27374; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27374
Life at the Queen’s Hamlet[edit] Courtiers at the Palace of Versailles constantly surrounded Marie Antoinette, leaving her in need of a refuge. She escaped the responsibilities and structure of court life to her private estate. The Hamlet was part of Marie Antoinette's estate, and she enjoyed dressing as a young shepherdess or milkmaid and acting like a peasant, while surrounded by the comforts of a royal lifestyle. This unintentional mockery of the economically depressed French peasants helped build the resentment towards the monarchy among the French people that eventually led to the French Revolution. While still in power, Marie Antoinette enjoyed acting as a tableau vivant, as if she were part of a painting. She brought her idyllic, picturesque village to life by stocking the barn with animals, and bringing in "simple" people, such as milkmaids and herdsmen, to act like residents of the Hamlet. Marie Antoinette would stroll around her perfect world in simple peasants' garb with her children, part of an idealized Nature. Her closest friends joined her in her ornamental village, where they also enjoyed pretending to live a simple life. Their isolation at the Hameau caused suspicion among the French people. Already resentful of Marie Antoinette for her profligate spending in times of economic depression, the secrecy surrounding her life of amusement led to suspected hedonism and scandal.[10] It was rumored that Marie Antoinette had lovers, and they met at the Hameau, a surreal place that was completely her own. The extravagance and subtle mockery of peasant life did not help Marie Antoinette's already suffering image. In spite of its idyllic appearance, the hamlet was a real farm, fully managed by a farmer appointed by the Queen, with its vineyards, fields, orchards and vegetable gardens producing fruit and vegetables consumed at the royal table. Animals from Switzerland, according to the instructions of the Queen, were raised on the farm. For this reason the place was often called "the Swiss hamlet".
wtf xD