- Jun 2021
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Local file Local file
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Ramist method does away withimaginesand architecturalloci, replacing them with asystem of abstract, logical arrangement.
Similar to Yates' theory.
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Memory treatises published in Europe, by half-century.
In looking at this, I immediately wonder about the nature of the treatises. I would suspect there's a slow decline of treatises on the method of loci while the 1800's sees an increase of those writing about the major system and which I've found generally aren't aware of the method of loci or earlier methods.
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Todate, however, no scholar has taken advantage of bibliographic resources to verify whether or notmemory treatises did in fact decline in England in the latter sixteenth and early seventeenthcenturies, a period that coincides with the continuing influence of iconoclasm and the risinginfluence of English Ramism. In this article I provide such bibliographic evidence, demonstratingthat the publication of memory treatises abated in England following Henry VIII’s reforms andduring the English Civil War
When reading Yates and thinking about the disappearance of these traditions in the West, I've wanted to delve into this exact question!
Glad to see the work has already been done for me.
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- May 2021
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Agarwal, A. (2021). Ripple Effect of a Pandemic: Analysis of the Psychological Stress Landscape during COVID19. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/dm5x2
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www.eventbrite.com www.eventbrite.com
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Data Collection and Integration to Enhance Public Health Registration, Thu, Jun 10, 2021 at 1:00 PM | Eventbrite. (n.d.). Retrieved May 28, 2021, from https://www.eventbrite.com/e/data-collection-and-integration-to-enhance-public-health-registration-156146370999
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carmattu.com carmattu.com
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Ezgi. (n.d.). SIOP/CARMA Open Science Virtual Summer Series. Consortium for the Advancement of Research Methods and Analysis (CARMA). Retrieved May 28, 2021, from https://carmattu.com/siop-carma-open-science-virtual-summer-series/
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journals.plos.org journals.plos.org
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This study reveals several subtle, but important advantages for teaching of the Australian Aboriginal memorization method as compared to the more widely known memory palace technique. In particular the Australian Aboriginal method seems better suited to teaching in a single, relatively short instruction period. This is evidenced by the increased probability of obtaining complete recall of the target list after a 20 minute teaching period, and the pronounced improvement in correct sequencing of information which was observed compared to the memory palace approach.
Here's the tl;dr version of the study:
Australian Aboriginal memorization methods >> Western method of loci methods
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Both methods of loci improved upon the already high level of recall among medical students relative to those who received no memory training.
I'm saddened to see the erasure of the Australian Aboriginal approach (possibly better termed Songlines or Dreaming for specificity) here only to have it lumped into the Western method. This is worse when their general results show the Australian approach to be significantly better.
This may be due to over-familiarity with the techniques which are broadly similar, but for rigor and respect they should remain separate in this paper.
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A full description of the classical memory palace technique can be found in [12].
A full one, but not necessarily a good one, particularly for beginners.
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forum.artofmemory.com forum.artofmemory.com
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As someone who knows both methods and has likely practiced them in reasonable depth, I'm curious what Dr. @LynneKelly thinks. I'd love to see this same study done to include song, dance, painting, etc. to expand the potential effects.
If nothing else, it's good to see some positive research on the methods which will hopefully draw more attention to the pedagogy and classroom use.
Dr. Reser said the Monash School of Rural Health is considering incorporating these memory tools into the medical curriculum once teaching returns to a post-COVID normal. “This year we hope to offer this to students as a way to not only facilitate their learning but to reduce the stress associated with a course that requires a lot of rote learning,” he said. —https://scitechdaily.com/ancient-australian-aboriginal-memory-tool-superior-to-memory-palace-learning-technique/
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scitechdaily.com scitechdaily.com
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Great news on Memory. Was song and art used too?
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brainbaking.com brainbaking.com
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My wife taught me to add some color after some pages are filled and the more I do that, the more I like browsing through the journal. Watercolor is still too heavy for most notebooks and I don’t bother to bring colored pencils on location. That’s a relaxing activity to do at home.
Color also adds creativity and additional loci to one's pages which also can help to make them more memorable.
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newrepublic.com newrepublic.com
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Long before Vannevar Bush, Francis Bacon cited Seneca to describe a similar ambition for his scientific method, which he hoped would “abridge the infinity of individual experience ... and remedy the complaint of vita brevis, ars longa.”
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Blair’s previous work demonstrated that the practices of literary reading and writing were central to the rise of scientific method. Focusing on the lawyer and scientist Jean Bodin in the sixteenth century, she meticulously examined how Bodin collected commonplace reading notes and then stored and analyzed them as scientific evidence.
I really do need to create a historical timeline for commonplace books already.
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg also did this in the late 1700's and became famous for it after his death and the publication of his Waste Books. Worth looking into who his influences may have been?
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doctorow.medium.com doctorow.medium.com
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Cringing at your own memories does no one any good. On the other hand, systematically reviewing your older work to find the patterns in where you got it wrong (and right!) is hugely beneficial — it’s a useful process of introspection that makes it easier to spot and avoid your own pitfalls.
This idea is far from new and is roughly what Georg Christoph Lichtenberg was doing with the science portions of his Waste Books in the late 1700's where he was running experiments, noting wins, losses, and making progress using the scientific method.
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www.learnbayesstats.com www.learnbayesstats.com
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The ‘Learning Bayesian Statistics’ podcast. (n.d.). Retrieved 13 May 2021, from https://www.learnbayesstats.com
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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The scrapbooks reveal a critical and analytical way of thinking and emphasis on experimental evidence in physics, through which he became one of the early founders and advocates of modern scientific methodology. The more experience and experiments are accumulated during the exploration of nature, the more faltering its theories become. It is always good though not to abandon them instantly. For every hypothesis which used to be good at least serves the purpose of duly summarizing and keeping all phenomena until its own time. One should lay down the conflicting experience separately, until it has accumulated sufficiently to justify the efforts necessary to edifice a new theory. (Lichtenberg: scrapbook JII/1602)
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg used his notebooks as thinking tools with respect to scientific methodology.
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Daly, M., & Robinson, E. (2020). Psychological distress and adaptation to the COVID-19 crisis in the United States [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/79f5v
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twitter.com twitter.com
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(20) ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: ‘RT @martikagv: New book “Urban Informatics”, #OpenAccess https://t.co/wp45uWU9Mi Edited by @jmichaelbatty @CUHKofficial Michael Goodchild,…’ / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved 21 April 2021, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1384411081456582662
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open.lnu.se open.lnu.se
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Niemeyer, H., Aert, R. C. M. van, Schmid, S., Uelsmann, D., Knaevelsrud, C., & Schulte-Herbrueggen, O. (2020). Publication Bias in Meta-Analyses of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Interventions. Meta-Psychology, 4. https://doi.org/10.15626/MP.2018.884
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This approach also splits email development for modern email clients and older clients in two. You can use Safari/Chrome to test and develop modern techniques for WebKit-supported clients while using Firefox for your baseline experience for older clients like Outlook.
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www.mcgill.ca www.mcgill.ca
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Epidemiology 101 for Journalists. (n.d.). Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health. Retrieved 23 February 2021, from https://www.mcgill.ca/epi-biostat-occh/epidemiology-101-journalists
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- Apr 2021
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www.bmj.com www.bmj.com
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Evaluating computerised health information systems: hard lessons still to be learnt
The article used a Qualitative study design method as it only highlights the problems within the health system in South Africa which is posing threat to the use of health information system in our healthcare centres.
Tags
Annotators
URL
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www.thelancet.com www.thelancet.com
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Ten scientific reasons in support of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2—The Lancet. (n.d.). Retrieved April 19, 2021, from https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)00869-2/fulltext
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zettelkasten.de zettelkasten.de
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When Should You Start a New Note?
note taking suggestions
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zettelkasten.de zettelkasten.de
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Goal, is to figure out if I can do this with Notion.
The zettel is the smallest unit, a note entered into the system. It requires a unique identifier, the body/content for the note, and footer/references.
Actively include citations to other Zettels.
Two types of structures depicted graphically
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To make the most of a connection, always state explicitly why you made it. This is the link context. An example link context looks like this:
So ACTIVELY include the equivalent of citations to other ZETTELS.
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The most important aspect of the body of the Zettel is that you write it in your own words. There is nothing wrong with capturing a verbatim quote on top. But one of the core rules to make the Zettelkasten work for you is to use your own words, instead of just copying and pasting something you believe is useful or insightful. This forces you to at least create a different version of it, your own version. This is one of the steps that lead to increased understanding of the material, and it improves recall of the information you process. Your Zettelkasten will truly be your own if its content is yours and not just a bunch of thoughts of other people.
If you enter the content in your own words you take active ownership. Also, as a grad student, you don't want the extra work of not only finding the reference you'd like to allude to but additionally having to rephrase it at the time of writing a paper or book.
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A Zettelkasten is a personal tool for thinking and writing. It has hypertextual features to make a web of thought possible. The difference to other systems is that you create a web of thoughts instead of notes of arbitrary size and form, and emphasize connection, not a collection
definition
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luhmann.surge.sh luhmann.surge.sh
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Communicating with Slip Boxes An Empirical Account Niklas Luhmann
Manual for the Zettelkasten method from the man himself.
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Białek, M., & Grossmann, I. (2021). Social bias insights concern judgments rather than real-world decisions. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/y3h7n
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www.pnas.org www.pnas.org
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West, J. D., & Bergstrom, C. T. (2021). Misinformation in and about science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(15). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1912444117
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docdrop.org docdrop.org
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Indians were not to be appeased—and certainly not brought into British public life.
- Indians were kept from entering politics or public life
- After the British gov take over in 1858, the British gov seeked to not only have direct control instead of a company's control, but also direct control instead of letting Indians have control
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India Company violated its treaty obligations
- The East India Company used excuses to violate treaties and conquer more land
- Ex: In 1856, the British took Nawab Wajid Ali Shah's territory on grounds that he was weak and immoral
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The government also decided to collect taxes directly from peasants, displacing the landed nobles as intermediaries.
- British took taxes from peasants without letting Indian previous positions of power interfere
- Peasants had to take out loans from moneylenders
- Peasants who couldn't pay their loans would have to give up their land
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replacing East India Company rule by crown government in 1858,
- The British government took over ruling India instead of the EIC in 1858
- Perhaps the British government took over ruling India instead of the East India Company because after the uprising, ruling over colonial states was viewed as a more militant and political task than an economic one.
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In return, the Mughal emperor would receive a hefty annual pension.
- People originally in power in colonized territories striking a deal with the colonizers for their benefit is a common pattern
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The East India Company’s Monopoly
- The British started off trying to control just India's trade by setting trading posts on the ocean
- Around the early 1800s, the East India Company conquered many areas in India and surrounding areas
Economic control -> political, military control
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During the first half of the nineteenth century the British rulers of India had dismantled most of the traditional powers of the nobility and the rights of peasants.
The first half of the 1800s saw:
- the disappearance of original Indian positions of power
- the disappearance of original Indian state boundaries and sovereignties in 1848 by governor-general Lord Dalhousie
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press.uchicago.edu press.uchicago.edu
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This appears to be the longer book form of the prior paper I'd noticed. I'll buy and download a copy shortly.
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www.tandfonline.com www.tandfonline.com
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Oh! This looks cool! and apparently a longer book length version has just come out too...
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Read chapter 11 "Memorizing Number" to see what Gardner says about available techniques. He only covers the phoenetic major system and some basic associative techniques.
No mention of the method of loci. Some interesting references listed for the chapter however.
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- Mar 2021
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‘bold’ means to have many observational consequences
As I said at the wiki I saw this link from, you don't test the hypothesis directly, you test the predictions, the "observational consequences", from the hypothesis.
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Maarten van Smeden. (2021, March 25). 🚨🚨NEW EVIDENCE PYRAMID🚨🚨 https://t.co/RnGfl337tD [Tweet]. @MaartenvSmeden. https://twitter.com/MaartenvSmeden/status/1375008127737851904
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osf.io osf.io
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Breznau, N., Rinke, E. M., Wuttke, A., Adem, M., Adriaans, J., Alvarez-Benjumea, A., Andersen, H. K., Auer, D., Azevedo, F., Bahnsen, O., Balzer, D., Bauer, G., Bauer, P. C., Baumann, M., Baute, S., Benoit, V., Bernauer, J., Berning, C., Berthold, A., … Nguyen, H. H. V. (2021). Observing Many Researchers using the Same Data and Hypothesis Reveals a Hidden Universe of Data Analysis. MetaArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/cd5j9
Tags
- is:preprint
- noise
- crowdsourcing
- psychology
- reseach
- economics
- immigration
- behavioural science
- social policy
- analytical flexibility
- political science
- crowd sourced replication initiative
- researcher degrees of freedom
- meta-science
- scientific method
- garden of forking paths
- lang:en
- sociology
- researcher variability
Annotators
URL
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www.cam.ac.uk www.cam.ac.uk
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Machine learning models for diagnosing COVID-19 are not yet suitable for clinical use. (2021, March 15). University of Cambridge. https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/machine-learning-models-for-diagnosing-covid-19-are-not-yet-suitable-for-clinical-use
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Coenen, A., & Gureckis, T. (2021). The distorting effects of deciding to stop sampling information. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/tbrea
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arxiv.org arxiv.org
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Gupta, Prateek, Tegan Maharaj, Martin Weiss, Nasim Rahaman, Hannah Alsdurf, Abhinav Sharma, Nanor Minoyan, et al. ‘COVI-AgentSim: An Agent-Based Model for Evaluating Methods of Digital Contact Tracing’. ArXiv:2010.16004 [Cs], 29 October 2020. http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.16004.
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academic.oup.com academic.oup.com
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Blakely, Tony, John Lynch, Koen Simons, Rebecca Bentley, and Sherri Rose. ‘Reflection on Modern Methods: When Worlds Collide—Prediction, Machine Learning and Causal Inference’. International Journal of Epidemiology 49, no. 6 (1 December 2020): 2058–64. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz132.
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edmontonjournal.com edmontonjournal.com
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Bergot, N. (2020, October 24). Battling fake science: University of Alberta launches free online science literacy course. Edmonton Journal. https://edmontonjournal.com/news/local-news/battling-fake-science-ualberta-launches-free-online-science-literacy-course
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www.cultofpedagogy.com www.cultofpedagogy.com
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Mentioned at the Liquid Margins session on 2021-03-12.
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www.collabovid.org www.collabovid.org
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Collabovid. (n.d.). Retrieved 6 March 2021, from https://www.collabovid.org/
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www.principia.network www.principia.network
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PRINCIPIA - Decentralized peer review. (n.d.). Retrieved 5 March 2021, from http://www.principia.network/
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statsepi.substack.com statsepi.substack.com
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PhD, D. D. (n.d.). Managing scientific discourse on Twitter. Retrieved 5 March 2021, from https://statsepi.substack.com/p/managing-scientific-discourse-on
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Cailin O’Connor. (2020, November 10). New paper!!! @psmaldino look at what causes the persistence of poor methods in science, even when better methods are available. And we argue that interdisciplinary contact can lead better methods to spread. 1 https://t.co/C5beJA5gMi [Tweet]. @cailinmeister. https://twitter.com/cailinmeister/status/1326221893372833793
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redteammarket.com redteammarket.com
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Market, R. T. (n.d.). Build trust through criticism. Red Team Market. Retrieved 4 March 2021, from https://redteammarket.com/
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daniellakens.blogspot.com daniellakens.blogspot.com
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Lakens, D. (2020, November 29). The 20% Statistician: Why I care about replication studies. The 20% Statistician. https://daniellakens.blogspot.com/2020/11/why-i-care-about-replication-studies.html
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- Feb 2021
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www.cbc.ca www.cbc.ca
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Pennycook, Gordon. ‘How the COVID-19 Crisis Exposes Widespread Climate Change Hypocrisy’. CBC, 22 May 2020. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/opinion-climate-change-should-believe-dont-understand-1.5482416.
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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built using nullary type constructors
first sighting nullary 
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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link.springer.com link.springer.com
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Oreskes, N. (2019). Systematicity is necessary but not sufficient: On the problem of facsimile science. Synthese, 196(3), 881–905. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-017-1481-1
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- Dec 2020
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www.danielgreenfield.org www.danielgreenfield.org
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A scientist who does not utilize the scientific method is as much use as a carpenter who cannot make chairs or a plumber who cannot fix toilets. A science that exists as a fixed absolute, whose premises are not to be questioned, whose data is not to be examined and whose conclusions are not to be debated, is a pile of wood or a leaky toilet. Not the conclusion of a process, but its absence.
Understanding science is a process.
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- Nov 2020
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elemental.medium.com elemental.medium.com
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This is fascinating. I recognize it as something that is common knowledge to trained Feldenkrais Method practitioners. I have gained similar benefits from visiting a Feldenkrais practitioner and many more musculo skeletal benefits as well. They use very gentle, gradual and time-consuming "movement training" to "reset" muscular habits, many of which are harmful. It is amazing how much they can improve in every part of the musculo-skeleture, there are hundreds of muscles in complex patterns that can be getting inefficiently and parasitically employed. It can make a massive difference to the ease of daily life.When it comes to posture, trying to force the correct posture is hopeless; what is needed, is to "switch off" the muscles that shouldn't be "on", and vice versa. Most people can't just do that by mimicking a position. In Feldenkrais, mostly you are relaxed and lying on your back, and the practitioner gently performs repetitive counter-intuitive movements of your limbs etc which "persuade" muscles a certain way. Then when you sit up or stand up again, you tend to be "relaxed in the correct posture" rather than trying to force yourself into it.
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www.indeed.com www.indeed.com
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What is the STAR interview method?The STAR interview method is a technique you can use to prepare for behavioral and situational interview questions. STAR stands for: situation, task, action and result.This method will help you prepare clear and concise responses using real-life examples.Hiring managers ask behavioral interview questions to determine whether you are the right fit for a job. By using the STAR strategy, you can make sure you’re fully addressing the interviewer’s question while also demonstrating how you were able to overcome previous challenges and be successful.
The [[STAR method]] can help people prepare for [[behavioural interview]] questions
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www.thecodebuzz.com www.thecodebuzz.com
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GET is the primary mechanism of information retrieval and the focus of almost all performance optimizations.
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Local file Local file
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Case study analysis of the communities of Shishmaref, Newtok,Kivalina, and Quinhagak, Alaska, USA, was the primary methodused to understand the environmental impacts
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Local file Local file
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semi-quantitative assessment
iy
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en.wiktionary.org en.wiktionary.org
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διαδικασία Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary Jump to navigation Jump to search Greek
Greek Noun
διαδικασία • (diadikasía) f (plural διαδικασίες)
- procedure, process, method, protocol
- (computing) function, subroutine, procedure
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- Oct 2020
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Open Science Community Tilburg on Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved October 28, 2020, from https://twitter.com/OpenTilburg/status/1318518990000607234
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arxiv.org arxiv.org
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Brañas-Garza, P., Jorrat, D., Espín, A. M., & Sánchez, A. (2020). Paid and hypothetical time preferences are the same: Lab, field and online evidence. ArXiv:2010.09262 [Physics]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.09262
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Local file Local file
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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Science as Amateur Software Development. (2020, September 26). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwRdO9_GGhY&feature=youtu.be
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Local file Local file
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www.idunn.no www.idunn.no
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Krumsvik, R. J. (2020). Extended Editorial. Nordic Journal of Digital Literacy, 15(03), 141–152. https://doi.org/10.18261/issn.1891-943x-2020-03-01
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www.hsj.gr www.hsj.gr
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An Evaluation of Problem-based Learning Supported by Information and Communication Technology: A Pilot Study
(Under "Viewing Options", select PDF.) In this article, Ernawaty and Sujono (2019) summarize results of a study funded by the Research and Higher Education Directorate of Indonesia. The study aimed to evaluate the cogency of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in problem based learning (PBL) and traditional teaching methods (TTM) based upon learner test scores. The concepts of PBL, TTM, and implications of ICTs are briefly reviewed. Results of the study revealed that PBL with the support of an ICT yielded the highest test scores. (6/10)
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Methods
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researchinsiders.blog researchinsiders.blog
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But thirdly, and most valuably, the template gives you a big space at the bottom to write sentences that summarise the page. That is, you start writing your critical response on the notes themselves.
I do much this same thing, however, I'm typically doing it using Hypothes.is to annotate and highlight. These pieces go back to my own website where I can keep, categorize, and even later search them. If I like, I'll often do these sorts of summaries on related posts themselves (usually before I post them publicly if that's something I'm planning on doing for a particular piece.)
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www.wesjones.com www.wesjones.com
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Weber notes that according to any economic theory that posited man as a rational profit-maximizer, raising the piece-work rate should increase labor productivity. But in fact, in many traditional peasant communities, raising the piece-work rate actually had the opposite effect of lowering labor productivity: at the higher rate, a peasant accustomed to earning two and one-half marks per day found he could earn the same amount by working less, and did so because he valued leisure more than income. The choices of leisure over income, or of the militaristic life of the Spartan hoplite over the wealth of the Athenian trader, or even the ascetic life of the early capitalist entrepreneur over that of a traditional leisured aristocrat, cannot possibly be explained by the impersonal working of material forces,
Science could learn something from this. Science is too far focused on the idealized positive outcomes that it isn't paying attention to the negative outcomes and using that to better define its outline or overall shape. We need to define a scientific opportunity cost and apply it to the negative side of research to better understand and define what we're searching for.
Of course, how can we define a new scientific method (or amend/extend it) to better take into account negative results--particularly in an age when so many results aren't even reproducible?
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Fieldwork usually means living with and living like those who are studied
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o be sure, ethnography has a long history, and its techniques, goals, and representational styles mean different things, not always complementary, to its many cu-rious readers.
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link-springer-com.uaccess.univie.ac.at link-springer-com.uaccess.univie.ac.at
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This leads me to my bet: by analyzing the form and content of futures talk in such sitesof hyperprojectivity, we can understand the mechanisms by which future projectionsaffect decisions, relations, and institutions
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I have made a number of theoretical arguments and placed somemethodological bets for future researc
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I have made a number of theoretical arguments and placed somemethodological bets for future researc
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This leads me to my bet: by analyzing the form and content of futures talk in such sitesof hyperprojectivity, we can understand the mechanisms by which future projectionsaffect decisions, relations, and institutions
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- Sep 2020
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iriss.stanford.edu iriss.stanford.edu
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2020 Conference on Computational Sociology | IRiSS. (n.d.). Retrieved 30 September 2020, from https://iriss.stanford.edu/css/conferences/2020-conference-computational-sociology
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www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.neu.edu www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.neu.edu
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he PSH,1 at present year, counts with a tower of 36 m height, a control room and a field of 29 heliostats. The total of the installed heliostats can be separated in two sizes, as follows: 12 heliostats of 36 m2 (each one having 25 flat mirrors of 1.2 m × 1.2 m); 17 heliostats of 37.44 m2 (each one with 32 flat mirrors of 1.3 m × 0.9 m). The total reflecting-area is close to 1,070 m2. The heliostats installed on the field allow reaching a theoretical solar radiation concentration factor of 25, which corresponds to a thermal power of approximat
method, control
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Table 2. Reference values for WBGT (°C) at corresponding work intensity.
foundational research to base heat stress on productivity analysis: reference values for WBGT to work intensity
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link.springer.com link.springer.com
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Caniglia, E.C., Murray, E.J. (2020) Difference-in-Difference in the Time of Cholera: a Gentle Introduction for Epidemiologists. Current Epidemiology Reports. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-020-00245-2
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Nagaraj, A., Shears, E., & Vaan, M. de. (2020). Improving data access democratizes and diversifies science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(38), 23490–23498. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2001682117
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www.behaviourchangewheel.com www.behaviourchangewheel.com
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The Behaviour Change Wheel Book—A Guide To Designing Interventions. (n.d.). Retrieved September 17, 2020, from http://www.behaviourchangewheel.com/
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www.marxists.org www.marxists.org
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Materialism and the Dialectical Method
to read
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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EWB Hub x GRiPS Student Workshop—Introduction to Experience Sampling Methods. (2020, June 29). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RcEfuSkiR8I
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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Susan Athey, July 22, 2020. (2020, August 2). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hqTOPrUxDzM
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maxkasy.github.io maxkasy.github.io
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Kasy, M. (2020). How to run an adaptive field experiment. Retrieved from https://maxkasy.github.io/home/files/slides/adaptive_field_slides_kasy.pdf
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r/BehSciMeta - Comment by u/VictorVenema on ”Can one distinguish between argument and fact? And, if yes, how?”. (n.d.). Reddit. Retrieved July 10, 2020, from https://www.reddit.com/r/BehSciMeta/comments/ho0qr1/can_one_distinguish_between_argument_and_fact_and/fxezalm
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Steven Goodman: Statistical methods as social technologies versus analytic tools: Implications for metascience and research reform (Video). (n.d.). Metascience.com. Retrieved 2 September 2020, from https://metascience.com/events/metascience-2019-symposium/steven-goodman-statistical-methods-versus-analytic-tools/
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github.com github.com
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get
The HTTP method for which the middleware function applies.
"Routes HTTP GET requests to the specified path with the specified callback functions."
https://expressjs.com/en/5x/api.html#app.get
What is GET? via MDN:
HTTP defines a set of request methods to indicate the desired action to be performed for a given resource.
The GET method requests a representation of the specified resource. Requests using GET should only retrieve data.
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- Aug 2020
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academic.oup.com academic.oup.com
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van Smeden, M., Lash, T. L., & Groenwold, R. H. H. (2020). Reflection on modern methods: Five myths about measurement error in epidemiological research. International Journal of Epidemiology, 49(1), 338–347. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz251
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covid-19.iza.org covid-19.iza.org
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Mitze, T., Kosfeld, R., Rode, J., & Wälde, K. (2020). Face Masks Considerably Reduce COVID-19 Cases in Germany: A Synthetic Control Method Approach. IZA Discussion Paper, 13319.
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www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
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Guo, L., Boocock, J., Tome, J. M., Chandrasekaran, S., Hilt, E. E., Zhang, Y., Sathe, L., Li, X., Luo, C., Kosuri, S., Shendure, J. A., Arboleda, V. A., Flint, J., Eskin, E., Garner, O. B., Yang, S., Bloom, J. S., Kruglyak, L., & Yin, Y. (2020). Rapid cost-effective viral genome sequencing by V-seq. BioRxiv, 2020.08.15.252510. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.15.252510
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onlinelibrary.wiley.com onlinelibrary.wiley.com
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Frias‐Navarro, D., Pascual‐Llobell, J., Pascual‐Soler, M., Perezgonzalez, J., & Berrios‐Riquelme, J. (n.d.). Replication crisis or an opportunity to improve scientific production? European Journal of Education, n/a(n/a). https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12417
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CSM_seminar Causal Inference Isn't What You Think It Is. (2020). Retrieved 24 August 2020, from https://panopto.lshtm.ac.uk/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=ac88b49f-7e63-458d-823e-abe50152fb66
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Arqoub, O. A., Elega, A. A., Özad, B. E., Dwikat, H., & Oloyede, F. A. (2020). Mapping the Scholarship of Fake News Research: A Systematic Review. Journalism Practice, 0(0), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2020.1805791
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Laghaie, A., & Otter, T. (2020). Measuring evidence for mediation in the presence of measurement error [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/5bz3f
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Young, J.-G., Cantwell, G. T., & Newman, M. E. J. (2020). Robust Bayesian inference of network structure from unreliable data. ArXiv:2008.03334 [Physics, Stat]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2008.03334
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Baker, S. R., Bloom, N., Davis, S. J., Kost, K. J., Sammon, M. C., & Viratyosin, T. (2020). The Unprecedented Stock Market Impact of COVID-19 (Working Paper No. 26945; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26945
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deviparikh.medium.com deviparikh.medium.com
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Parikh, D. (2020, May 27). How we write rebuttals. Medium. https://medium.com/@deviparikh/how-we-write-rebuttals-dc84742fece1
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van Rooij, I., & Baggio, G. (2020). Theory development requires an epistemological sea change [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/rnw9q
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Travis Whitfill MPH on Twitter: “A quick visual aid of major studies & levels of evidence against #hydroxychloroquine for the use in COVID-19 patients. No robust studies have found any type of benefit for HCQ. https://t.co/YbSjvaoEoO” / Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved August 2, 2020, from https://twitter.com/twhitfill/status/1288825416975708161
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- Jul 2020
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Hortaçsu, A., Liu, J., & Schwieg, T. (2020). Estimating the Fraction of Unreported Infections in Epidemics with a Known Epicenter: An Application to COVID-19 (Working Paper No. 27028; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27028
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osf.io osf.io
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Dudel, C., Riffe, T., Acosta, E., van Raalte, A. A., Strozza, C., & Myrskylä, M. (2020). Monitoring trends and differences in COVID-19 case fatality rates using decomposition methods: Contributions of age structure and age-specific fatality [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/j4a3d
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Cazabet, R., Boudebza, S., & Rossetti, G. (2020). Evaluating Community Detection Algorithms for Progressively Evolving Graphs. ArXiv:2007.08635 [Physics]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2007.08635
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osf.io osf.io
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Weed, M. (2020). Models and methods to analyse the interaction of evidence and policy in the first 100 days of the UK government’s response to COVID-19 (v1.1). https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/f73u4
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Fuhrer, J., & Cova, F. (2020). “Quick and dirty”: Intuitive cognitive style predicts trust in Didier Raoult and his hydroxychloroquine-based treatment against COVID-19. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ju62p
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www.jclinepi.com www.jclinepi.com
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Sperrin, M., Martin, G. P., Sisk, R., & Peek, N. (2020). Missing data should be handled differently for prediction than for description or causal explanation. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.03.028
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Olsson-Collentine, A., van Assen, M. A. L. M., & Wicherts, J. M. (2020). Postprint—Heterogeneity in direct replications in psychology and its association with effect size [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/m23v4
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- Jun 2020
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arxiv.org arxiv.org
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Candelieri, A., Giordani, I., Ponti, A., & Archetti, F. (2020). Resilience in urban networked infrastructure: The case of Water Distribution Systems. ArXiv:2006.14622 [Physics]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.14622
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www.the100.ci www.the100.ci
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Mis-allocated scrutiny. (2020, June 24). The 100% CI. http://www.the100.ci/2020/06/24/mis-allocated-scrutiny/
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www.jclinepi.com www.jclinepi.com
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van Smeden, M., Groenwold, R.H.H., & Moons, K. GM. (2020, June 18). A cautionary note on the use of the missing indicator method for handling missing data in prediction research. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.06.007
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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'We use Shakespeare's heartbeat': lockdown theatre for autistic audiences.(n.d.). The Guardian. Retrieved June 17, 2020 from https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2020/jun/17/shakespeare-autistic-audiences-lockdown-flute-theatre-pericles
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www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com
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Camacho, D., Panizo-LLedot, Á., Bello-Orgaz, G., Gonzalez-Pardo, A., & Cambria, E. (2020). The Four Dimensions of Social Network Analysis: An Overview of Research Methods, Applications, and Software Tools. Information Fusion. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2020.05.009
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www.iza.org www.iza.org
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Mitze, T., Kosfeld, R., Rode, J., & Wälde, K. (2020). Face Masks Considerably Reduce COVID-19 Cases in Germany: A Synthetic Control Method Approach (No. 13319). Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
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Horn, S. R., Weston, S. J., & Fisher, P. (2020). Identifying causal role of COVID-19 in immunopsychiatry models [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/w4d5u
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www.tandfonline.com www.tandfonline.com
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Efron, B. (2020). Prediction, Estimation, and Attribution. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 115(530), 636–655. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.2020.1762613
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Han, H., & Dawson, K. J. (2020). JASP (Software) [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/67dcb
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journals.sagepub.com journals.sagepub.com
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Muthukrishna, M., Bell, A. V., Henrich, J., Curtin, C. M., Gedranovich, A., McInerney, J., & Thue, B. (2020). Beyond Western, Educated, Industrial, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) Psychology: Measuring and Mapping Scales of Cultural and Psychological Distance: Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620916782
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journals.sagepub.com journals.sagepub.com
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Rosenbusch, H., Hilbert, L. P., Evans, A. M., & Zeelenberg, M. (2020). StatBreak: Identifying “Lucky” Data Points Through Genetic Algorithms. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 2515245920917950. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245920917950
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- May 2020
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Padilla, L., Kay, M., & Hullman, J. (2020). Uncertainty Visualization [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ebd6r
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Lewis, N. A., Bravo, M., Naiman, S., Pearson, A. R., Romero-Canyas, R., Schuldt, J., & Song, H. (2020). Using Qualitative Approaches to Improve Quantitative Inferences in Environmental Psychology [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/eqyjp
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Mei, X., Lee, H.-C., Diao, K., Huang, M., Lin, B., Liu, C., Xie, Z., Ma, Y., Robson, P. M., Chung, M., Bernheim, A., Mani, V., Calcagno, C., Li, K., Li, S., Shan, H., Lv, J., Zhao, T., Xia, J., … Yang, Y. (2020). Artificial intelligence for rapid identification of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). MedRxiv, 2020.04.12.20062661. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.12.20062661
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www.preprints.org www.preprints.org
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Samuel, J.; Ali, G.G.M.N.; Rahman, M.M.; Esawi, E.; Samuel, Y. COVID-19 Public Sentiment Insights and Machine Learning for Tweets Classification. Preprints 2020, 2020050015 (doi: 10.20944/preprints202005.0015.v1)
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Mandel, D. R., Collins, R. N., Risko, E. F., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2020). Effect of Confidence Interval Construction on Judgment Accuracy. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/mktgj
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Moore, D. A., & Wallsten, T. S. (2020). Rolling Forecasts. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ryvg3
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Riolo, M. A., & Newman, M. E. J. (2020). Consistency of community structure in complex networks. Physical Review E, 101(5), 052306. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.101.052306
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West, R., Michie, S., Rubin, G. J., & Amlôt, R. (2020). Applying principles of behaviour change to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Nature Human Behaviour, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0887-9
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Kojaku, S., Hébert-Dufresne, L., & Ahn, Y.-Y. (2020). The effectiveness of contact tracing in heterogeneous networks. ArXiv:2005.02362 [Physics, q-Bio]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.02362
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Interdonato, R., Magnani, M., Perna, D., Tagarelli, A., & Vega, D. (2020). Multilayer network simplification: Approaches, models and methods. ArXiv:2004.14808 [Physics]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.14808
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Modi, C., Boehm, V., Ferraro, S., Stein, G., & Seljak, U. (2020). Total COVID-19 Mortality in Italy: Excess Mortality and Age Dependence through Time-Series Analysis. MedRxiv, 2020.04.15.20067074. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.15.20067074
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- Apr 2020
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
- Dec 2019
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hackerforces.com hackerforces.com
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ReconnaissanceFirst, we try to gather as much information as possible. Because our success depends on this information. Here we do search about the target, Find the social information, Find the technology used. We do it manually and automatically.Vulnerability AnalysisWhen we will have enough information, we start vulnerability analyzing. For example, In this step, we figure out what Ports are open, What operating system the target is using and the version of software used.Here we use some commercial, open-source tools and manually to find the exploitable vulnerability.ExploitationOur goal is not just to find a vulnerability. We have to get access to you and do the thing you wanted us to do. Successfully exploitation completely depends on the previous two-phase. It depends on how hard we worked there.For example, If we found an overflow type vulnerability, then here we write an exploit. In this step, we need more hard to exploit the vulnerability because most of the thing we need to do manually.Post Exploitation and Covering TracksThe job is not done yet. After successfully hacking(Exploiting) into the system. Our future access depends on this phase. Here the hacker will install an advanced backdoor. And clean all the logs very carefully.
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- Nov 2019
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www.nature.com www.nature.com
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most probable number (MPN) method. The MPN is determined by serial diluting the water sample in triplicate or pentaplicate followed by incubation in selective growth media
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- Aug 2019
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elizabethreddy.files.wordpress.com elizabethreddy.files.wordpress.com
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Through comparing data with data, we learn what our research partic-ipants view as problematic and begin to treat it analytically.
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we try to understand participants' views and actions from their perspectives
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We want to know what is happening in the setting, in people's lives, and in lines of our recorded data. Hence, we try to understand our participants' standpoints and situations, as well as their actions within the setting.
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attempt to portray meanings and actions
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For sociologists, generic processes are basic to social life; for psychologists, generic processes are fundamental for psychological exis-tence; for anthropologists, these processes support local cultures. Because they are fundamental, generic processes can apply in varied professions and fields. A grounded theorist can elaborate and refine the generic process by gathering more data from diverse arenas where this process is evident.
this was done by including similar creators at opposite ends of the political spectrum, and seeing what exactly the generic processes were in their creations, if any.
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In a memo, raise them to conceptual categories for your developing analytic framework-give them conceptual definition and analytical treatment in narra-tive form in your memo.
as i did in describing each gerund in a separate document, to ensure i had the same intention each time.
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Precollj:_eptions work their way into how we think and write. Researchers who believe themselves to be objective social scientists often assume that their judgments of participants are correct. This stance can lead to treating one's unexamined assumptions as fact.
a point to consider in my research of two very different creators, of whom i have very strong but polar opposite opinions.
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Some respon-dents or events will make explicit what was implicit in earlier statements or events.
the goal of the second round of coding i performed.
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In vivo codes can provide a crucial check on whether you have grasped what is significant
like Molyneux's labeling of Mandela as a sociopathic idiot
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we look for their implicit meanings and attend to how they construct and act upon these meanings. In doing so, we can ask, what analytic category(ies) does this code suggest?
an example is how Molyneux describes the characters of his narrative, most interestingly in his framing of Muslims. he never alludes that these are an ethnographically and religiously diverse group with a rich history, which is either something he genuinely, or something he does not think the audience needs to do, perhaps somewhere between the two. the quotes he uses and descriptions he gives them provides us with some insight, but for the coding process, it's safer to use the term he does before drawing conclusions
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Thomas (1993) says that a researcher must take the familiar, routine, and mundane and make it unfamiliar and new.
acknowledging and reflecting upon my experiences with the creators i've included enables me to ask myself if i'm assigning a certain meaning because i've come to expect it, or if it's something new i'm learning about them or their community.
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Concrete, behavioristi.c descriptions of people's mundane actions may not be amenable to line-by-line coding, particularly when you observed a scene but do not have a sense of its context, its participants, and did not interact with them.
this is partially applicable to my study, since i had no direct interaction with the subjects, and have to infer some meaning based on my experiences with the field prior to collecting fieldwork. my method began with line-by-line coding, but the revision of the codes adopted tips for incident-to-incident coding, since i began comparing similarly themed segments based on their topic or tone, rather than taking each line individually. this was of use for identifying where the speaker chose to make a speculation versus a quote, a statistic versus an anecdote, and theorising what this told me about their relationship to the content.
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How does the research participant(s) act while involved in this process?
this was a guiding question for me when describing the tone in each code, which added depth to the person reaction they were experiencing but not necessarily addressing when focusing on different concepts. for example, when were they excited, when were they solemn, when were they sarcastic.
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Line-by-line coding works particularly well with detailed data about funda-mental empirical problems or processes whether these data consist of inter-views, observations, documents, or ethnographies and autobiographies.
the appropriate method for studying the youtube content, since i can break up the speech into sentences or fragments of sentences which are dictated by the speaker, or for comments which are usually short, or the longer ones are separated by punctuation
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If you ignore, gloss over, or leap beyond participants' meanings and actions, your grounded theory will likely reflect an outsider's, rather than an insider's view.
this was a risk during my first readings, since some of the codes i applied were definitely my own interpretations rather an attempt to describe the speaker's perspective, for example, initial codes that assumed the speaker was 'viewing' a topic in a certain way, did not appreciate whether their view was a personal speculation being offered, an overt expression of an emotional response, an assertion of facts, etc. these clarifications were necessary to build my theory of toolsets that youtube creators use to convey meaning
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starting from the words and actions of your respondents, preserves the fluidity of their experience and gives you new ways of looking at it
in my own process, the words i took from the speaker more alluded to their projected convictions on their subject of choice, rather than the action they were performing more literally. for example, i frequently described what Molyneux was implying, using his phrasing to describe what the implication was, though at first it may not have been obvious that it was an implication rather than, say, an assertion.
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Codes are also provisional in the sense that you may reword them to improve the fit. Part of the fit is the degree to which they capture and condense meanings and actions.
i had two phases of initial coding, first having very open and multifaceted descriptions, second narrowing in on the precise methods the speaker was using to communicate
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Hence, simultaneous data collection and analy~is can help you go further and deeper into the research problem as well as engage in developing categories.
at the beginning of my research, i planned on just analysing youtube comments, but saw soon after that the codes i could offer were bare without the content which prompted them.
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Thus we define what we see as significant in the data and describe what we think is happening.
there is no way around this, i cannot code for something i don't see or understand. the best I can do is be detailed in my descriptions and thorough in simultaneously watching and listening to the content, until i see from my notes what patterns exist. this can only happen through repeated an honest interactions with the data, acknowledging personal convictions and placing them aside to consider why these words are urgent to the speaker.
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Coding impels us to make our participants' language problematic to render an analysis of it. Coding should inspire us to examine hidden assumptions in our own use of language as well as that of our participants.
the phrasing we use in codes brings to light the type of themes we may be subconsciously looking for. in this case, i found i was repeatedly trying to describe what the creators were saying without really saying it, evidenced through their tone and word choice, where they chose to make overt statements, and when meanings were implied.
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scrutinize your data and define meanings within it Through this active coding, you interact with your data again and again and ask many different ques-tions of them. As a result, coding may take you into unforeseen areas and new research questions.
i was asking very broad questions at the start of my research to accommodate this - how do people communicate, connect, relate, express etc on youtube, is there a common language, or common habits that exist within or between videos and channels, and does the channel creator play a role in this? nearing the end, i find i'm answering the question of how a creator conveys meaning and how they prompt reactions, and how does the community respond to this.
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oro.open.ac.uk oro.open.ac.uk
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summary of a wide range of theories and models of onlinemisogyny from the feminist literature, as well as an analy-sis of the works that have targeted the problem of onlinemisogyny from a computational perspective.•The translation of different categories of misogyny, identifiedin feminist theory, into lexicons of hate terms to study theevolution of language within the manosphere.•An in-depth analysis of different manifestations and evolu-tion of misogyny across the Reddit manosphere.•We corroborated existing feminist theories and models aroundthe phenomenon of the manosphere by conducting a large-scale observational analysis.
need to build a lexicon and refine knowledge of behaviour
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Full manual analysis is impractical and thus, automatictechniques need to be used.
need for shortcuts in analysing discourse
Tags
Annotators
URL
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- Jun 2019
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eyeondesign.aiga.org eyeondesign.aiga.org
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“I see Posthumanism as a methodology: a conceptual framework that can be applied to the field of graphic design.”
An important undercurrent in all of our readings is methodology. What methods does posthumanism orientations require, invent, frustrate, occlude?
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- May 2019
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static1.squarespace.com static1.squarespace.com
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I hope the readerswill take my over-crowded article as an attempt to compose a missingcommunity of posthuman scholars: the essay as assemblage
Another line of thought I would like for use to pursue is method. Braidotti turns to cartography here as a method (always selective, impartial, mobile). What other methods are suggested, enacted, demonstrated through the readings to respond to what Braidotti calls the "posthuman predicament"?
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shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in
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The reaction mixture contained 0.2 mL of enzyme sample, 0.3 mL of buffer and 0.5 mL of p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (1.0 mM) prepared in 100 mM buffer as the substrate. The reaction was terminated after 30 min of incubation at 70 °C by adding 2 mL of sodium carbonate-bicarbonate buffer (0.1 M, pH 10.0). The liberation of p-nitrophenol was measured at 400 nm and its yield was determined using a standard curve of p-nitrophenol (1-10 μg mL-1) prepared in sodium carbonate-bicarbonate buffer
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β-Glucosidase
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The activities ofβ-xylosidase, xylan acetylesterase and arbinofuranosidase were measured using 1 mM p-nitrophenylxylopyranoside, p-nitrophenylacetate and p-nitrophenylarabinofuranoside, respectively prepared in sodium citrate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.0). One mL of reaction mixture containing 0.2 mL of crude enzyme solution, 0.3 mL of sodium citrate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.0) and 0.5 mL of substrate was incubated at 80 °C for 30 min. The reaction was terminated by adding 2 mL sodium carbonate-bicarbonate buffer (1.0 M, pH 10.0). The activities were determined using p-nitrophenol standard curve (1-10 μg mL-1) drawn using absorbance values measured in spectrophotometer at 400 nm. One unit of the enzyme is defined as the amount of enzyme that liberates 1μmole of p-nitrophenol mL-1min-1 under assay conditions.
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Assays for β-Xylosidase, acetylesterase and arbinofuranosidase
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Xylanolytic activity was determined according to Archana and Satyanarayana (1997). The reaction mixture containing 0.5 mL of 1% birchwood xylan in glycine NaOH buffer (0.1 M, pH 9.0) and 0.5 mL of cell free sonicated supernatant was incubated at 80 °C in a water bath for 10 min. After incubation, 1 mL DNSA reagent (Miller, 1959) was added to the reaction mixture and the tubes were incubated in a boiling water bath for 10 min, followed by the addition of 400 μL of 33% w/v sodium potassium tartrate. The absorbance values were recorded at 540 nm in a spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan). The liberated reducing sugars were determined by comparing the absorbance values of these with a standard curve drawn with different concentrations of xylose. One unit (IU) of xylanase is defined as the amount of enzyme required for liberating one μmol of reducing sugar as xylose mL-1 min-1under the assay conditions. Composition of Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA) reagent NaOH - 10.0 g Phenol - 2.0 g DNSA - 2.0 g Distilled Water - 1000 mL DNSA reagent was stored in an amber bottle at 4 °C till further use. Sodium sulphite (0.05 % v/v) was added just before the use of the reagent.
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Enzyme Assays
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A stock solution of xylose (1 mg mL-1) was prepared in distilled water. A dilution series ranging from 100-1000 μg mL-1 was prepared from the stock solution. To 1 mL of solution, 1mL of DNSA was added and kept in a boiling water bath for 10 min and then 400 μL of sodium potassium tartrate solution was added and kept it for cooling. The absorbance was recorded in a spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, UV-VIS) at 540 nm
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The clear cell-free supernatants were used as the source of crude recombinant xylanase.
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Preparation of standard curve of xylose
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Quantitative screening for determination of xylanase in shake flask
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Sonicated cells of E. coli having recombinant vector was centrifuged. Supernatant was dispensed into 0.2 % v/v xylan agar plate and incubated for 4 h. The plates were then flooded with Congo red solution (0.2 % w/v) for 30 min and destained with 1M NaCl solution till a clear zone of xylan hydrolysis was visible. The plates were gently shaken on a shaker to accelerate the process of staining/destaining
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Qualitative detection of xylanolytic activity by plate assay
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DETECTION OF XYLANASE ACTIVITY
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Overnight grown cultures of E. coli DH5α, E. coli BL21 (DE3), E. coli XL1blue cells with and without constructs were preserved in 80 % v/v glycerol
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MAINTENANCE OF THE RECOMBINANT STRAIN
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Metagenomic library obtained from various extracted DNA was screened by replica plating method on 0.3 % w/v RBB xylan containing LB-amp plates. The cells were allowed to grow for overnight at 37 °C and thereafter incubated at 4 °C till the appearance of zone of hydrolysis. A total of 36,400 clones from various environmental samples were screened.
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SCREENING OF THE TRANSFORMANTS FOR XYLANASE ACTIVITY
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Transformation of calcium-competent cells was carried out by the procedure detailed below: •The competent bacterial cells were thawed briefly and 200 μL of cells was mixed rapidly with plasmid DNA (10-50 ng) in fresh, sterile microcentrifuge tubes and maintained on ice for 30 min. A negative control with competent cells only (no added DNA) was also included. •Cell membranes were disrupted by subjecting cells to heat-pulse (42 °C) for 90 sec. •After heat shock, cells were incubated on ice for 5 min. •Cells were then mixed with 1 mL LB medium and incubated with shaking at 37 °C for 1 h. •For blue/white screening 40 μL of X-gal solution (20 mg mL-1 in dimethylformamide) and 4 μL of the IPTG (200 mg mL-1) was spread on LB-ampicillin (LB-amp) plates with a sterile glass rod. The plate was allowed to dry for 1h at 37 °C prior to spreading of bacterial cells. •Bacterial cells (100-200 μL) were spread and the plate was incubated at 37 °C for overnight. •White colonies were picked from the plates and suspended into LB-amp broth and cultivated to OD600=0.5
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Transformation procedure
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2 mL of an overnight culture of E. coli cells was inoculated into 100 mL LB medium and incubated with vigorous shaking at 30 °C until A600 of 0.8 was reached. •Cells were collected in 50 mL plastic (Falcon) tubes, cooled for 15 min on ice and centrifuged in a pre-cooled centrifuge (4,000 rpm for 10 min at 4 °C). •The pellet was suspended in 20 mL of ice-cold 50 mM CaCl2-15% glycerol solution, maintained on ice for 15 min and centrifuged again at 4,000 rpm for 10 min at 4 °C. •Pellet was resuspended in 2 mL of ice-cold 50 mM CaCl2-15 % glycerol solution, kept on ice for 30 min and aliquoted in 400 μL in microcentrifuge tubes. These were stored at -80 °C until required.
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Preparation of calcium-competent cells
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Preparation of electrocompetent cells (E. coli cells) A protocol was employed. The procedure was carried out in cold under sterile conditions as follows: •A single colony of E. coli DH10B/ DH5α/XL1blue was inoculated in 20 mL of LB medium and grown overnight at 30 °C. •500 mL LB medium was inoculated with 5mL of this overnight grown culture of the E. coli and incubated with vigorous shaking (250 rpm) at 30 °C until an A600of 0.5 - 0.8 was achieved. •The cells were chilled in ice for 10-15 min and transferred to prechilled Sorvall® centrifuge tubes and sedimented at 4,000 rpm for 20 min at 4 °C. •The supernatant was decanted and cells were resuspended in 500 mL of sterile ice-cold water, mixed well and centrifuged as described above. •The washing of the cells described above was repeated with 250 mL of sterile ice-cold water, following which cells were washed with 40 mL of ice-cold 10 % (v/v) glycerol and centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 10 min. •The glycerol solution was decanted and the cell volume was recorded. The cells were resuspended in an equal volume of ice-cold 10 % glycerol. •Cells were then dispensed in 40 μL volumes and stored at -80 °C until required.
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Electrotransformation
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BACTERIAL TRANSFORMATION
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PurifiedDNA fragments of size 2-8 kb were ligated to the treated vector using a 1:3::vector :insert ratio in a volume of 10 μL. The total amount of DNA was about 0.5 μg. Vector and insert DNA was heated to 45 °C for 10 min and the immediately chilled on ice for 5 min prior to addition of ligase and buffer. T4 DNA ligase (NEB, England) was added to a final concentration of 0.125 UμL-1 and reactions were incubated at 16 °C for overnight in a ligation chamber. Reaction mixture incubated under same condition without addition of the enzyme was used as control. A ligation reaction was also set up under condition with linear plasmid DNA containing the
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Ligation of insert DNA with dephosphorylated vector
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In order to minimize self ligation of vector during cloning experiments, the digested DNA was subsequently treated with calf intestinal phosphatase (CIP) [NEB, UK]. The reaction conditions and amount of CIP were optimized and varied from (0.06-1) unit/picomole DNA termini. The dephosphorylation reaction was carried out in 50 μL reaction as follows. Reaction mixture containing no restriction enzyme was treated as control. Reaction was incubated for 1 h at 37 °C and stopped by heat inactivation at 65 °C for 20 min. 2.5.5. Composition of restriction mixture (50 μL) Linearized Plasmid DNA X μL (1 μg) CIP 1 μL (0.06-1 U μL-1) Reaction buffer (10X) 5.0 μL Distilled water Y μL Total volume 50 μL Linearized and dephosphorylated plasmids from each reaction were purified from low melting agarose gel using gel extraction method according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Qiagen gel extraction kit, Germany). 100 ng DNA from each reaction was then ligated in15 μL reaction volume containing 1.5 μL of 10X ligation buffer (NEB, England) and 0.2 μL of T4 DNA ligase to check the efficiency of self ligation after dephosphoryaltion. The ligation mixture was incubated at 16 °C for overnight and transformed into E. coli DH5αcompetent cells.
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Dephosphorylation of the restricted plasmid
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The vector isolated as above was digested with BamHI to generate the cohesive ends. The reaction was performed in 1.5 mL Eppendorf tubes as described below. Composition of restriction mixture (100 μL) Plasmid DNA X μL (20 μg) Bam HI 8 μL (10 U μL-1) NEB buffer 4 10.0 μL BSA (100X) 1 μL MQ water Y μL The reaction mixture was incubated at 37 °C for 3 h. The digestion was stopped by heat inactivation at 65 °C for 20 min. The digestion of plasmid was checked using 1.2 % (w/v) agarose gel electrophoresis for linearization of the plasmid. The digested plasmid was purified from low melting agarose gel using gel extraction method according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Qiagen gel extraction kit, Germany).
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