aww...thanks dev for making us non-programmers feel like we are part of this world

Bodenhorn, Howard. ‘Business in a Time of Spanish Influenza’. Working Paper. Working Paper Series. National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2020. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27495.

Stock, James H. ‘Data Gaps and the Policy Response to the Novel Coronavirus’. Working Paper. Working Paper Series. National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2020. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26902.

Vu, Jonathan T, Benjamin K Kaplan, Shomesh Chaudhuri, Monique K Mansoura, and Andrew W Lo. ‘Financing Vaccines for Global Health Security’. Working Paper. Working Paper Series. National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2020. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27212.

Egorov, G., Enikolopov, R., Makarin, A., & Petrova, M. (2020). Divided We Stay Home: Social Distancing and Ethnic Diversity (Working Paper No. 27277; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27277

Bethune, Z. A., & Korinek, A. (2020). Covid-19 Infection Externalities: Trading Off Lives vs. Livelihoods (Working Paper No. 27009; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27009

Patrick De Oliveira on Twitter: “After planning to bring back half of its students to campus in the Fall, Princeton is now deciding to go fully remote. ‘We cannot provide a genuinely meaningful on-campus experience for our students this fall in a manner that is respectful of public health concerns’” / Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved August 10, 2020, from https://twitter.com/PLSOliveira/status/1291829645600579585

Esther Choo, MD MPH on Twitter: “Question for Twitter. Why didn’t academia take the lead on Covid information? Why didn’t schools of med & public health across the US band together, put forth their experienced scientists in epidemiology, virology, emergency & critical care, pandemic and disaster response...” / Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved August 10, 2020, from https://twitter.com/choo_ek/status/1291789978716868608

Walter, N., Brooks, J. J., Saucier, C. J., & Suresh, S. (2020). Evaluating the Impact of Attempts to Correct Health Misinformation on Social Media: A Meta-Analysis. Health Communication, 0(0), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1794553

Vaughan, Adam. ‘Opening Schools in UK without More Testing Risks Covid-19 Second Wave’. New Scientist. Accessed 10 August 2020. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2250681-opening-schools-in-uk-without-more-testing-risks-covid-19-second-wave/.

Bracci, Alberto, Matthieu Nadini, Maxwell Aliapoulios, Damon McCoy, Ian Gray, Alexander Teytelboym, Angela Gallo, and Andrea Baronchelli. ‘The COVID-19 Online Shadow Economy’. ArXiv:2008.01585 [Physics], 6 August 2020. http://arxiv.org/abs/2008.01585.

Arora, Rahul K., Abel Joseph, Jordan Van Wyk, Simona Rocco, Austin Atmaja, Ewan May, Tingting Yan, et al. ‘SeroTracker: A Global SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence Dashboard’. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 0, no. 0 (4 August 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30631-9.

Take away: As with most things in nature, there are always exceptions – transmission occurring at greater distances than 3 ft and evidence of aerosolization have been reported.

Discussion: In scientific terms, this virus is still very new so the data supporting an optimal physical distance to prevent transmission remains scarce. In the absence of data, public health agencies have used what they understand about this virus and similar viruses to infer a “best” answer. Public health agencies try to simplify the recommendation to a single answer, but the reality is much more complex.

According to reports the WHO bases their recommendation for 1 meter (~3 ft) distancing off of an understanding that SARS-CoV-2 behaves like similar respiratory viruses that are primarily transmitted via larger droplets (as opposed to smaller aerosols). Assuming most spread is via droplets, the WHO reportedly follows the results of a 1934 study indicating most respiratory droplets fall to the ground within 3 feet.

However, as with most things in nature, there are always exceptions – transmission occurring at greater distances than 3 ft and evidence of aerosolization have been reported.

The evidence basis for the CDCs guidance for 6 feet of separation is less clear, but probably reflects lower risk tolerance, or greater weight to evidence of aerosolization or wider droplet spread.

Even with further study, there may never be a clear answer for optimal physical distancing. This is because, (1) the area of high risk for transmission is probably dependent on the specific conditions of the interaction (e.g. loud talking, windy environment), and (2) the “optimal” distance is based on risk tolerance. There is no single distance between individuals where risk of transmission drops off precipitously to zero.

All evidence indicates that greater distances are safer but, for example, consider how restrictive a physical distancing recommendation of >50 ft would be. In the end, because we can’t control how far others stand away from us, we ask governments to consider these tradeoffs and deliver a “best” answer to guide their citizenry.

Take away: In their 2019 report the WHO actually recommended for, not against, the use of masks in severe influenza epidemics or pandemics, contrasting the statement made in this tweet. Further, recent evidence overwhelmingly supports the benefit of masks for preventing the spread of SARS-CoV2, the virus that causes COVID-19.

The claim: Overall the claim here appears to be that masks are ineffective against the spread of SARS-CoV2, the virus that causes the clinical syndrome known as COVID-19. The evidence used in support of this claim is that “the WHO found ‘moderate’ evidence AGAINST using masks” in their 2019 report on the use of non-pharmaceutical interventions for mitigating influenza pandemics.

The evidence: This overall claim is poorly supported by data and the evidence used to support this claim is incorrectly characterized by the claimant. Narrowly, the claim that the WHO recommended against mask use is patently false. In their report, the WHO reviewed 10 separate studies and did conclude that there was scant evidence that masks significantly decreased spread of the flu. However, they found no evidence that masks increased spread, and based on mechanistic plausibility (i.e. masks are barriers that prevent droplets from passing between people) and the low risk/high reward, they made a conditional recommendation for mask use in severe influenza epidemics or pandemics.

While influenza does not behave exactly like the SARS-CoV2 virus, the similarities in mode of transmission make it reasonably likely that masks would also have protective effects against the spread of this virus is well. The best evidence is hard data, and that too increasingly points to the benefit of masks for slowing down or preventing the transmission of SARS-CoV2. A recent summary of that data is available here.

Razzaghi, H. (2020). Estimated County-Level Prevalence of Selected Underlying Medical Conditions Associated with Increased Risk for Severe COVID-19 Illness—United States, 2018. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6929a1

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Mandavilli, A. (2020, July 22). Can You Get Covid-19 Again? It’s Very Unlikely, Experts Say. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/22/health/covid-antibodies-herd-immunity.html

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Galasso, V., Pons, V., Profeta, P., Becher, M., Brouard, S., & Foucault, M. (2020). Gender Differences in COVID-19 Related Attitudes and Behavior: Evidence from a Panel Survey in Eight OECD Countries (Working Paper No. 27359; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27359

Barrios, J. M., Benmelech, E., Hochberg, Y. V., Sapienza, P., & Zingales, L. (2020). Civic Capital and Social Distancing during the Covid-19 Pandemic (Working Paper No. 27320; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27320

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I found this to be a very considered argument that protecting the Public Domain is just as important as protecting that which can be Copyrighted. Public Domain content is just as important to be able to contribute to the Commons - we would lose a great deal if this content was not supported to remain freely available in the Commons.

Lin, Z., & Meissner, C. M. (2020). Health vs. Wealth? Public Health Policies and the Economy During Covid-19 (Working Paper No. 27099; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27099

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Firm-​level Expectations and Behavior in Response to the COVID-19 Crisis. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved August 5, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13253/

Were Urban Cowboys Enough to Control COVID-19? Local Shelter-​In-Place Orders and Coronavirus Case Growth. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved August 4, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13262/

If Sick-​Leave Becomes More Costly, Will I Go Back to Work? Could It Be Too Soon?. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved August 4, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13379/

Working at Home in Greece: Unexplored Potential at Times of Social Distancing?. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13408/

Public Attention and Policy Responses to COVID-19 Pandemic. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13427/

Socioeconomic Determinants of COVID-19 Infections and Mortality: Evidence from England and Wales. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved July 30, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/pp159/

Sweden Did Not Take Herd Immunity Approach Against Coronavirus Pandemic. (2020, July 29). Debunking Denialism. https://debunkingdenialism.com/2020/07/29/sweden-did-not-take-herd-immunity-approach-against-coronavirus-pandemic/

Covid State of Play: Jonathan Zittrain & Margaret Bourdeaux with Beth Cameron & KJ Seung. (2020, July 29). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVn9kn88C_Q

Coronavirus: Can kids spread COVID-19? Your questions answered. (n.d.). Indystar. Retrieved August 2, 2020, from https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2020/07/17/coronavirus-can-kids-spread-covid-19-spreadquestions-answered/5450062002/

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Sparrow, A., Gayle, D., Morris, S., Brignall, M., & Morris, S. (2020, July 28). UK: 119 new Covid-related deaths as PM says ‘signs of second wave’ in parts of Europe – as it happened. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2020/jul/28/uk-coronavirus-live-news-covid-19-latest-updates-quarantine-spain

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https://plantfacedclothing.com/collections/style-picks/products/eat-plants-goth-roses-tee-pitch-black?variant=31758201487421

Jul 30, J. C. · P., & July 31, 2020 1:50 PM ET | Last Updated: (2020, July 30). Black people and other people of colour make up 83% of reported COVID-19 cases in Toronto | CBC News. CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/toronto-covid-19-data-1.5669091

Bierwiaczonek, K., Kunst, J. R., & Pich, O. (2020, July 29). Belief in COVID-19 Conspiracy Theories Reduces Social Distancing over Time. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/tqfrw

Chatam House (2020) We may have a vaccine in the next 12 months...And already we are seeing the rise of an anti-vaccination movement. Retrieved from: https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1289219157968293889

Glover, A., Heathcote, J., Krueger, D., & Ríos-Rull, J.-V. (2020). Health versus Wealth: On the Distributional Effects of Controlling a Pandemic (Working Paper No. 27046; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27046

Akbarpour, M., Cook, C., Marzuoli, A., Mongey, S., Nagaraj, A., Saccarola, M., Tebaldi, P., Vasserman, S., & Yang, H. (2020). Socioeconomic Network Heterogeneity and Pandemic Policy Response (Working Paper No. 27374; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27374

wtf xD

Knittel, C. R., & Ozaltun, B. (2020). What Does and Does Not Correlate with COVID-19 Death Rates (Working Paper No. 27391; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27391

@DFRLab. (2020). Op-Ed: How Brexit tribalism has influenced attitudes toward COVID-19 in Britain. Medium. https://medium.com/dfrlab/op-ed-how-brexit-tribalism-has-influenced-attitudes-toward-covid-19-in-britain-16a983a56929

Eric Topol on Twitter: “It’s 100+ years later and we’re a lot smarter, more capable. Why aren’t we beating the crap out of #SARSCoV2? We will. Just a matter of time. https://t.co/eFGieP4cos” / Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from https://twitter.com/EricTopol/status/1287461741236875264

Coronavirus (COVID-19): Daily data for Scotland—Gov.scot. (n.d.). Retrieved July 31, 2020, from https://www.gov.scot/publications/coronavirus-covid-19-daily-data-for-scotland/

Al-Ubaydli, O., Lee, M. S., List, J. A., Mackevicius, C. L., & Suskind, D. (undefined/ed). How can experiments play a greater role in public policy? Twelve proposals from an economic model of scaling. Behavioural Public Policy, 1–48. https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2020.17

Naudé, W. (2020). Entrepreneurial Recovery from COVID-19: Decentralization, Democratization, Demand, Distribution, and Demography. IZA Discussion Paper, 13436.

Kaptchuk, G., Goldstein, D. G., Hargittai, E., Hofman, J., & Redmiles, E. M. (2020). How good is good enough for COVID19 apps? The influence of benefits, accuracy, and privacy on willingness to adopt. ArXiv:2005.04343 [Cs]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.04343

Briscese, G., Lacetera, N., Macis, M., & Tonin, M. (2020). Compliance with COVID-19 Social-Distancing Measures in Italy: The Role of Expectations and Duration (Working Paper No. 26916; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26916

Oxford COVID-19 study: Face masks and coverings work – act now | University of Oxford. (n.d.). Retrieved 27 July 2020, from https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2020-07-08-oxford-covid-19-study-face-masks-and-coverings-work-act-now

UNOFFICIAL WEBSITE: At the time of writing this annotation this link to nox emulator's website does not point to the official website. there is a small note at the bottom of the page downloadnox.com stating that it is a "unofficial site". As far as i have searched bignox.com is the official website for nox emulator. Never expected this from a post in techradar.

COVID-19: Why has the UK response struggled? (w Professor Richard Horton). (2020, July 21). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=riJS-zXN9nM&feature=youtu.be

MadhusoodananJul. 20, J., 2020, & Pm, 5:05. (2020, July 20). ‘Ethically troubling.’ University reopening plans put professors, students on edge. Science | AAAS. https://www.sciencemag.org/careers/2020/07/ethically-troubling-university-reopening-plans-put-professors-students-edge

Vachuska, K. (2020). Initial Effects of the Coronavirus Pandemic on Racial Prejudice in the United States: Evidence from Google Trends [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/bgpk3

Tasnim, S., Hossain, M. M., & Mazumder, H. (2020). Impact of rumors or misinformation on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in social media [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/uf3zn

Amat, F., Arenas, A., Falcó-Gimeno, A., & Muñoz, J. (2020). Pandemics meet democracy. Experimental evidence from the COVID-19 crisis in Spain. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/dkusw

Seow, J., Graham, C., Merrick, B., Acors, S., Steel, K. J. A., Hemmings, O., O’Bryne, A., Kouphou, N., Pickering, S., Galao, R., Betancor, G., Wilson, H. D., Signell, A. W., Winstone, H., Kerridge, C., Temperton, N., Snell, L., Bisnauthsing, K., Moore, A., … Doores, K. (2020). Longitudinal evaluation and decline of antibody responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection. MedRxiv, 2020.07.09.20148429. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.09.20148429

Lewis, D. (2020). Mounting evidence suggests coronavirus is airborne—But health advice has not caught up. Nature, 583(7817), 510–513. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02058-1

Ackerly, D. C. (2020, July 12). My patient caught Covid-19 twice. So long to herd immunity hopes? Vox. https://www.vox.com/2020/7/12/21321653/getting-covid-19-twice-reinfection-antibody-herd-immunity

Luscombe, A., & McClelland, A. (2020). Policing the Pandemic: Tracking the Policing of Covid-19 across Canada [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/9pn27

Sevi, S., Aviña, M. M., Péloquin-Skulski, G., Heisbourg, E., Vegas, P., Coulombe, M., Arel-Bundock, V., Loewen, P. J., & Blais, A. (2020). Logarithmic vs. Linear Visualizations of COVID-19 Cases Do Not Affect Citizens’ Support for Confinement [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/h6z4f

Leininger, A., & Schaub, M. (2020). Voting at the dawn of a global pandemic [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/a32r7

La, V.-P., Pham, T.-H., Ho, T. M., Hoàng, N. M., Linh, N. P. K., Vuong, T.-T., Nguyen, H.-K. T., Tran, T., Van Quy, K., Ho, T. M., & Vuong, Q.-H. (2020). Policy response, social media and science journalism for the sustainability of the public health system amid the COVID-19 outbreak: The Vietnam lessons [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/cfw8x

Motta, M., Stecula, D., & Farhart, C. E. (2020). How Right-Leaning Media Coverage of COVID-19 Facilitated the Spread of Misinformation in the Early Stages of the Pandemic [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/a8r3p

Frega, R. (2020). Out of the lockdown: Democratic trust in the management of epidemic crises [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/xcm7y

Azim, S. S., roy, arindam, Aich, A., & Dey, D. (2020). Fake news in the time of environmental disaster: Preparing framework for COVID-19 [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/wdr5v