Koren, M., & Petö, R. (2020, March 20). Business disruptions from social distancing. Cornel University. arXiv:2003.13983.

Kamel Boulos, M.N., Geraghty, E.M. Geographical tracking and mapping of coronavirus disease COVID-19/severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic and associated events around the world: how 21st century GIS technologies are supporting the global fight against outbreaks and epidemics. Int J Health Geogr 19, 8 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-020-00202-8

Government of Canada. (2020). Government of Canada funds 49 additional COVID-19 research projects – Details of the funded projects. Canada.ca. https://www.canada.ca/en/institutes-health-research/news/2020/03/government-of-canada-funds-49-additional-covid-19-research-projects-details-of-the-funded-projects.html

McKee, M., Stuckler, D. If the world fails to protect the economy, COVID-19 will damage health not just now but also in the future. Nat Med (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0863-y

Kwon, D. (2020 March 19). Near Real-Time Studies Look for Behavioral Measures Vital to Stopping Coronavirus. Scientific American.

Resnick, B. (2020 April 10). Why it's so hard to see into the future of Covid-19. Vox. https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2020/4/10/21209961/coronavirus-models-covid-19-limitations-imhe

Hall, K. S., Samari, G., Garbers, S., Casey, S. E., Diallo, D. D., Orcutt, M., Moresky, R. T., Martinez, M. E., & McGovern, T. (2020). Centring sexual and reproductive health and justice in the global COVID-19 response. The Lancet, 395(10231), 1175–1177. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30801-1

Ahmed, F. et al. (2020 April 02). Why inequality could spread COVID-19. The Lancet. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30085-2.

IGM Forum. Policy for the COVID-19 crisis. Chicago Booth. http://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/policy-for-the-covid-19-crisis/

Adam, D. (2020 April 02). Special report: The simulations driving the world's response to COVID-19. Nature. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-01003-6.

Kutscher, C. (2020 April 8). The Coronavirus and Climate Change: How we're making the same mistakes. Medium. https://medium.com/@chuck.kutscher/the-coronavirus-and-climate-change-how-were-making-the-same-mistakes-2cd01cce2295

Viner, R. M., et al. (2020 April 06). School closure and management practices during coronavirus outbreaks including COVID-19: a rapid systematic review. The Lancet. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30095-X.

Weale, S. (2020 April 07). School closures likely to have little impact on spread of coronavirus, study finds. The Guardian. Education. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/apr/06/school-closures-have-little-impact-on-spread-of-coronavirus-study?utm_term=Autofeed&CMP=twt_gu&utm_medium&utm_source=Twitter#Echobox=1586214038.

Call for Papers: Commentaries on the Coronavirus Pandemic Deadline: April 30, 2020

Koebler, J. (2020 April 09). The viral 'study' about runners spreading coronavirus is not actually a study. Vice. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/v74az9/the-viral-study-about-runners-spreading-coronavirus-is-not-actually-a-study

Gao, S., Rao, J., Kang, Y., Liang, Y., & Kruse, J. (2020). Mapping county-level mobility pattern changes in the United States in response to COVID-19. ArXiv:2004.04544 [Physics, q-Bio]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.04544

Plohl, N., & Musil, B. (2020, April 6). Modeling compliance with COVID-19 prevention guidelines: The critical role of trust in science. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6a2cx

Michael Veale on Twitter.

Klepac, P., Kucharski, A. J., Conlan, A. J., Kissler, S., Tang, M., Fry, H., & Gog, J. R. (2020). Contacts in context: Large-scale setting-specific social mixing matrices from the BBC Pandemic project [Preprint]. Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.16.20023754

British Psychological Society. Responding to Coronavirus: Resources and support. https://www.bps.org.uk/responding-coronavirus

Pan, A., Liu, L., Wang, C., Guo, H., Hao, X., Wang, Q., Huang, J., He, N., Yu, H., Lin, X., Wei, S., & Wu, T. (2020). Association of Public Health Interventions With the Epidemiology of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Wuhan, China. JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6130

Kamenetz, A. (2020 April 8). 4 in 10 U.S. teens say they haven't done online learning since schools closed. NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/08/829618124/4-in-10-u-s-teens-say-they-havent-done-online-learning-since-schools-closed

Kissler, S. M., Tedijanto, C., Goldstein, E., Grad, Y. H., & Lipsitch, M. (2020). Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the postpandemic period. Science, eabb5793. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb5793

Hossain, M. A. (2020). Is the spread of COVID-19 across countries influenced by environmental, economic and social factors? [Preprint]. Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.08.20058164

BBC. What does 2m look like?. BBC.com. https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-52275989?ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=twitter&ns_campaign=bbc_live&ns_linkname=5e9577012593fc066365d064%26What%20does%202m%20look%20like%3F%262020-04-14T08%3A40%3A34.223Z&ns_fee=0&pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:7fcd0390-f2ef-442d-9a7b-7d385fc411ad&pinned_post_asset_id=5e9577012593fc066365d064&pinned_post_type=share

Liao, H., Zhang, L., Marley, G., Tang, W. (2020). Differentiating COVID-19 response strategies. University of North Carolina Project-China. DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2020.04.003

Bump, P., Wan, W. (2020 April 8). A leading model now estimates tens of thousands fewer covid-19 deaths by summer. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/04/08/leading-model-now-estimates-tens-thousands-fewer-covid-19-deaths-by-summer/

Cretu, C. (2020 April 15). Signals in the noise. Nesta. https://www.nesta.org.uk/report/signals-noise/

Nielsen, R.K., Fletcher, R., Newman, N., Brennen, S., Howard, P.N. (2020 April 15). Navigating the ‘infodemic’: how people in six countries access and rate news and information about coronavirus. Reuters Institute. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/infodemic-how-people-six-countries-access-and-rate-news-and-information-about-coronavirus

Haley, C., Orlik, J., Czibor, E., Cuello, H., Firpo, T., Goettsch, M., Stouffs, L., Smith, L. (2020 April 09). There will be no 'back to normal'. Nesta. nesta.org.uk/blog/there-will-be-no-back-normal/

Breckon, J. (2020 April 16). Seven welcome Covid-19 trends. Researchprofessionalnews.com. https://www.researchprofessionalnews.com/rr-news-uk-views-of-the-uk-2020-4-seven-welcome-covid-19-trends/

Smith, A. (2020 April 13). Re-inventing programmes for extraordinary times. The Cares Family. https://www.thecaresfamily.org.uk/blog/re-inventing-programmes-for-extraordinary-times#

Kleinman, M. (2020 April 16). Innovation agency Nesta backs UK edtech start-up BibliU. Sky News. https://news.sky.com/story/innovation-agency-nesta-backs-uk-edtech-start-up-bibliu-11974089

Rivers, C., Martin, E., Gottlieb, S., Watson, C., Schoch-Spana, M., Mullen, L., Sell, T.K., Warmbrod, K.L., Hosangadi, D., Kobokovich, A., Potter, C., Cicero, A., Inglesby, T. (2020 April 17). Public health principles for a phased reopening during COVID-19: Guidance for governors. Johns Hopkins. https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/publications/public-health-principles-for-a-phased-reopening-during-covid-19-guidance-for-governors

Symonds, J.E. (2020 April 16). Positive pandemic?. The British Psychological Society, the Psychologist. https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/positive-pandemic

Holmes, E. A., O’Connor, R. C., Perry, V. H., Tracey, I., Wessely, S., Arseneault, L., Ballard, C., Christensen, H., Cohen Silver, R., Everall, I., Ford, T., John, A., Kabir, T., King, K., Madan, I., Michie, S., Przybylski, A. K., Shafran, R., Sweeney, A., … Bullmore, E. (2020). Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: A call for action for mental health science. The Lancet Psychiatry, S2215036620301681. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1

Atchison, C. J., Bowman, L., Vrinten, C., Redd, R., Pristera, P., Eaton, J. W., & Ward, H. (2020). Perceptions and behavioural responses of the general public during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey of UK Adults [Preprint]. Public and Global Health. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.01.20050039

Rotman, D. (2020 April 8). Stop covid or save the economy? We can do both. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/04/08/998785/stop-covid-or-save-the-economy-we-can-do-both/

Bailey, A., Knobe, J., & Newman, G. (2020). Value-based Essentialism: Essentialist Beliefs About Non-biological Social Groups [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/m2eby

Kraft-Todd, G., Kleiman-Weiner, M., & Young, L. (2020, March 25). Differential virtue discounting: Public generosity is seen as more selfish than public impartiality. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/zqpv7

Sailer, M., Stadler, M., Botes, E., Fischer, F., & Greiff, S. (2020, April 9). Science knowledge and trust in medicine affect individuals’ behavior in pandemic crises. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/tmu8f

Watts, D. J., Beck, E. D., Bienenstock, E. J., Bowers, J., Frank, A., Grubesic, A., Hofman, J., Rohrer, J. M., & Salganik, M. (2018). Explanation, prediction, and causality: Three sides of the same coin? [Preprint]. Open Science Framework. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/u6vz5

Salganik, M. J., Lundberg, I., Kindel, A. T., Ahearn, C. E., Al-Ghoneim, K., Almaatouq, A., Altschul, D. M., Brand, J. E., Carnegie, N. B., Compton, R. J., Datta, D., Davidson, T., Filippova, A., Gilroy, C., Goode, B. J., Jahani, E., Kashyap, R., Kirchner, A., McKay, S., … McLanahan, S. (2020). Measuring the predictability of life outcomes with a scientific mass collaboration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915006117

Crutchfield, J. P. (2020). The Hidden Fragility of Complex Systems—Consequences of Change, Changing Consequences. ArXiv:2003.11153 [Cond-Mat, Physics:Nlin, Physics:Physics]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.11153

Tomova, L., Wang, K., Thompson, T., Matthews, G., Takahashi, A., Tye, K., & Saxe, R. (2020). The need to connect: Acute social isolation causes neural craving responses similar to hunger. BioRxiv, 2020.03.25.006643. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.25.006643

Crystal, J. (2020, March 30). The Behavioral Science Response to COVID-19 Working Group: Recommendations to reduce face touching. Psychonomic Society Featured Content. https://featuredcontent.psychonomic.org/introducing-the-behavioral-science-response-to-covid-19-working-group/

Lessons from the Spanish flu: Social distancing can be good for the economy. (n.d.). The Economist. Retrieved April 17, 2020, from https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/03/31/lessons-from-the-spanish-flu-social-distancing-can-be-good-for-the-economy

COVID-19 MODELING IN THE UNITED STATES. (n.d.). Retrieved April 17, 2020, from https://covid19.gleamproject.org/#

Forecasts by Country. (n.d.). Retrieved April 17, 2020, from http://rocs.hu-berlin.de/corona/docs/forecast/results_by_country/

LISTSERV 16.0—SOCNET Archives. (n.d.). Retrieved April 20, 2020, from https://lists.ufl.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind2004&L=SOCNET&P=9667

Giangreco, G. (n.d.). Case fatality rate analysis of Italian COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Medical Virology, n/a(n/a). https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25894

Thunstrom, L., Newbold, S., Finnoff, D., Ashworth, M., & Shogren, J. F. (2020). The Benefits and Costs of Using Social Distancing to Flatten the Curve for COVID-19 (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3561934). Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3561934

Alam, F., Sajjad, H., Imran, M., & Ofli, F. (2020). Standardizing and Benchmarking Crisis-related Social Media Datasets for Humanitarian Information Processing. ArXiv:2004.06774 [Cs]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.06774

Deputy CMO doesn’t rule out forcing Australians to download contact tracing app. (2020, April 17). [Text]. ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-17/paul-kelly-coronavirus-tracing-app/12158854

Social distancing “is a problematic term” that could damage our mental wellbeing. (2020, April 17). Metro. https://metro.co.uk/2020/04/17/swap-social-distancing-safe-relating-sake-wellbeing-12570403/

Daniel Summers, MD en Twitter: “‘Social distancing was unnecessary’ is the new ‘why should we vaccinate against diseases nobody gets any longer?’ https://t.co/kgB2Rwi4W8” / Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved April 21, 2020, from https://twitter.com/wfkars/status/1248220267115134978

Summers, D. (2020, April 10). The Absurd Error Lockdown Skeptics and Anti-Vaxxers Both Make. The Daily Beast. https://www.thedailybeast.com/coronavirus-lockdown-skeptics-and-anti-vaxxers-make-same-absurd-error

Pennycook, G., McPhetres, J., Zhang, Y., & Rand, D. G. (2020, March 17). Fighting COVID-19 misinformation on social media: Experimental evidence for a scalable accuracy nudge intervention. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/uhbk9

This book includes a few sections about defunct Readmill.

Cognitive load of social annotation

Readers, he says, are the real -hidden- value of books.

For example, I think one could sum the highlight in each specific section. If many people highlighted a passage, then the highlight color is higher. That way one would be able to discover passages that many people found important/interesting. Although, it may also bias others to do the same. As usual.

Jack Dorsey on Twitter's future

Social constructivist pedagogical models make the wiki a useful tool. It provides a medium by which learners communicate and negotiate in their efforts to reach a common understanding.

Understanding and contextualizing social media

This phrase describing the woman in the pit has a negative tone and gives a negative depiction of the woman. I believe the reason behind this is due to the views of Eliza Haywood, as well as the majority of people in the 18th century. The wording used in this phrase such as, "one of those who come there for no other Purpose", suggests that the woman in the pit has nothing better to do than "create Acquaintance with as many as seem desirous of it". This negative view of the woman in the pit is probably due to her choice of occupation. During the time, high class individuals were seen as being very prim and proper and therefore expected their fellow peers to be just as prim and proper as well. These masses seem to be trying to hold members of the lower class, such as the woman in the pit, to the same standards, therefore criticizing her actions as being improper by their standards

Enlightenmens Source:Metaphor from the Theory of Moral Centiments

The idea that the members of the high class held members of the lower class to similar standards to their own could be explained by Adam Smith in The Theory of Moral Centiments. Adam Smith explains that, "we value ourselves too much and other people too little". This quote would explain why people of high class would think of themselves as superior and better while looking at the lower class and thinking the opposite. This ideology would continue to an extent where these same people would start to expect the same standards from others around them.

An important outlying theme of this novel is the difference in perceptions of the classes and the difference in how each class treated each other. The theater, while bringing together a lot of different classes and placing them in the same place, still had ways to separate people based on class. The theater, described in Fantomina, was no exception and utilized location as a method to separate the different social classes. This separation is outlined when our unnamed protagonist is describing the woman at the playhouse, “a Woman who sat in a Corner of the Pit”, indicating that she was of a lower class. Alternatively, our protagonist is first described as, “happened to be in a Box one Night at the Playhouse”, indicating that she was of a good class. This difference in location of each class is a great indicator of how each class was perceived. For the members of the higher classes, they were seen as more important and more respectable than the lower classes. This characterization of the higher classes is evident by the better seating and better view of the stage given to the box seats since they were physically higher than the pit area. This difference in height in the seating locations resembles a superiority complex given to people sitting in the boxes, while giving the constant reminder to the people in the pit that they were less important than the high classes located in the boxes. Source: The Haymarket Theatre

This is a picture of what a theater at the time would look like. In the picture, the pit is the area in the bottom and the boxes are the balconies off to the side on each floor. This picture gives a visual representation of how theaters at the time would separate the high class from the low class using location differences between the boxes and the pit.

One difference in how Eliza Haywood describes the protagonist and the woman in the pit is through the reason for why they are at the theater. In the case of the protagonist, Eliza Haywood describes her being at the theater by using the words, "happened to be". This phrase seems to insinuate that the protagonist usually has more pressing matters to attend to instead of attending plays at the theater. Alternatively, Eliza Haywood describes the woman in the pit being in the theater by using the words, "one of those who come there for no other Purpose". The wording in this description of why the woman in the pit is here seems to be insinuating that she has little importance and nothing else to do other than "create Acquaintance with as many as seem desirous of it". These depictions give us insight into how people in the 18th century might have perceived members of the high class in a more favorable fashion compared to members of the low class.

As described in the novel, different classes had different perceptions of the way each class was supposed to dress and act like, making how someone dressed or acted an easy indicator of what social status they were a part of. Fantomina depicts this recognition of social differences when the author is describing the woman in the pit, “by her Air and Manner of receiving them, might easily be known to be one of those who come there for no other Purpose, than to create Acquaintance with as many as seem desirous of it”. The outward appearance and attitude of this woman in the pit would seem to indicate that this woman is of lower class. This indication is due to her personality that would be considered improper and extremely scandalous at the time. In comparison, the author describes the protagonist as, “A YOUNG Lady of distinguished Birth, Beauty, Wit, and Spirit”. This gleaming description of our protagonist completely overshadows the lackluster description of the lady in the pit. The extreme separation in outward appearance between the protagonist and the woman in the pit shows the fact that during the 18th century, outward appearance and personality were an easy indicator of what social class a person belongs to.

conflict is a healthy sign that project is tackling topics worthy of debate.

Workers controlling the means of production sounds like co-operative industries. This paradigm is not antithetical to 'capitalism' in the sense that there is still private ownership of the means of production. I disagree with the statement that democratic socialists do not support capitalism.

A good debate on this topic here - https://politics.stackexchange.com/questions/323/are-worker-cooperatives-socialist-capitalist-or-their-own-category

In the original German, 'prevails' is rendered "herrscht." Herrscht shares a common root with the ordinary German word Herr (Mister, or, more evocatively, Master). 'Lordship' (as, in the chapter of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit, on 'Lordship and Bondage' is rendered Herrschaft.)

My own reading of Capital tends to center upon the question of domination in capitalist societies, and throughout chapter 1 (in particular, in The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret Thereof) Marx is especially attuned to the distinguishing how the forms of domination that are prevalent in capitalist societies are distinct from the relations of "personal dependence" that characterize pre-capitalist modes of production.

It seems prudent, therefore, to take note of the way that the seemingly innocuous notion of 'prevalence' is, for Marx, in his original formulation, already evocative of the language of mastery, domination, perhaps even something like 'hegemony'.

Furthermore, the capitalist mode of production prevails--it predominates. Yet, as Louis Althusser observes in his discussion of the concept of the 'mode of production' in On the Reproduction of Capitalism, every concrete social formation can be classified according to the mode of production that is dominant (that prevails--herrscht). In order to dominate, something must implicitly be dominated, or subordinate. "In every social formation," Althusser writes, "there exists more than one mode of production: at least two and often many more." Althusser cites Lenin, who in his analysis of the late 19th c. Russian social formation, observes that four modes of production can be distinguished (Louis Althusser, On the Reproduction of Capitalism, Verso 2014, p. 19.)

In our analysis of social formations, the concrete specificity of each can be articulated by carefully examining the multiplicity of modes of production that coincide within it, and examine the way in which capitalism tends to dominate a multiplicity of subordinate modes of production that, on the one hand, survive from past modes of production but which may also, on the other, be emerging in the present (i.e. communism). Thus even if capitalism tends towards the formation of a contiguous world-system dominated by its particular imperatives, this does not mean that this process is homogenous or unfolds in the same way in each instance.

For some commentators, capitalism is defined by the prevalence of wage labor and the specific dynamics that obtain therefrom. Yet this has often led to confusion over, whether, in analyzing the North American social formation prior to 1865, in which slavery coexists with wage-labor, the mode of production based on slave-labor is pre-capitalist. Yet as we find here in ch. 1, what determines the commodity as a commodity is not that it is the product of wage labor, rather that it is produced for exchange. As Marx writes on p. 131, "He who satisfies his own need with the product of his own labor admittedly creates use-values, but not commodities. Insofar as the slave-system in North America produced commodities (cotton, tobacco, etc.) for exchange on the world market, the fact that these commodities were produced under direct conditions of domination does not have any bearing on whether or not we identify this system of production as 'capitalist'. Wage-labor is therefore not likely the determinative factor; the determinative factor is the production of commodities for exchange. It is only insofar as commodities confront one another as exchange-values that the various modes of useful labor appear as expressions of a homogenous common substance, labor in the abstract

It is in this sense that we can observe one of the ways that the capitalist mode of production prevails over other modes of production, as it subordinates these modes of production to production for exchange, and thus the law of value, regardless of whether wage-labor represents the dominant form of this relation. Moreover, it provides a clue to how we can examine, for example, the persistence of unwaged work within the family, which has important consequences for Social Reproduction Theory.

Nonetheless, we can say that insofar as commodities confront each other on the market in a scene of exchange that they implicitly contain some 'third thing' which enables us to compare them as bearers of a magnitude of value. This 'third thing', as Marx's demonstration shows, is 'socially necessary labour time', which anticipates the way that wage-labor will become a dominant feature of capitalist society.

The Coerciveness of the Primary Key: Infrastructure Problems in Human Services Work